Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Table 1
Demographic baseline characteristics of participants.
Measure
Total sample ()
TAU + M ()
TAU + PMR ()
TAU ()
Age, (SD)
35.07 (12.69)
37.20 (12.47)
32.59 (12.35)
35.43 (13.05)
0.16b
Male, (%)
64 (39.5)
18 (33.3)
21 (38.9)
25 (46.3)
0.39c
High school diploma, (%)
72 (44.4)
22 (40.7)
27 (50.0)
23 (42.6)
0.59b
Completed job training, (%)
100 (61.7)
39 (72.2)
31 (57.4)
30 (55.6)
0.15b
Status of employment (employed), (%)
119 (73.5)
43 (80.0)
42 (77.8)
34 (63.0)
0.10b
Current relationship, (%)
95 (58.6)
33 (61.1)
34 (63.0)
28 (51.9)
0.45b
Major diagnosis: depressive disorder, (%)
93 (57.4)
32 (59.2)
31 (57.4)
30 (55.6)
0.93b
Major diagnosis: anxiety disorder, (%)
69 (42.6)
22 (40.7)
23 (42.6)
24 (44.4)
0.93b
Additional comorbid diagnosis, (%)
71 (43.8)
28 (51.9)
23 (42.6)
20 (37.0)
0.29b
Former psychotherapy, (%)
91 (56.1)
32 (59.3)
28 (51.9)
31 (57.4)
0.72b
Pharmacotherapy, (%)
77 (47.5)
23 (42.6)
24 (44.4)
30 (55.6)
0.35b
Familiarity with mindfulnessa, (%)
56 (34.6)
21 (38.9)
18 (33.3)
17 (31.5)
0.70b
Familiarity with PMR, (%)
56 56 (34.6)
20 (37.0)
20 (37.0)
16 (29.6)
0.65b
Note. = mean; SD = standard deviation; TAU+M = cognitive-behavioral therapy integrating a five-minute standardized mindfulness exercise; TAU+PMR = cognitive-behavioral therapy integrating a five-minute standardized progressive muscle relaxation exercise; TAU = cognitive-behavioral treatment without any standardized session-introducing interventions. aFamiliarity with mindfulness was assessed with the item “Do you have prior experience with mindfulness exercises?”. Participants with prior experience were asked about the duration, types, and frequency of their mindfulness practice. bAnalysis of variance. c test.
