Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders

Table 2

Means, standard deviations, and results of growth modeling analyses testing changes in mindfulness, emotion regulation, and symptom severity.

	Pre		Session 5		Session 15		Session 25		Effect size () [95% CI]
		SD		SD		SD		SD
Mindfulness	1.96	(0.39)	1.98	(0.44)	2.04	(0.46)	2.11	(0.49)	0.61 [0.28, 0.93]	<0.001
Rumination	4.04	(0.88)	3.74	(0.99)	3.62	(0.99)	3.48	(1.01)	-0.80 [-1.13, -0.47]	<0.001
Avoidance	3.55	(0.87)	3.35	(0.98)	3.17	(0.90)	3.14	(0.95)	-0.56 [-0.87, -0.23]	<0.001
Suppression	3.08	(0.81)	2.96	(0.83)	2.86	(0.75)	2.80	(0.74)	-0.48 [-0.79, -0.16]	<0.001
Reappraisal	2.38	(0.86)	2.58	(0.88)	2.70	(0.82)	2.74	(0.89)	0.59 [0.27, 0.91]	<0.001
Acceptance	2.55	(0.88)	2.84	(0.92)	2.81	(0.87)	2.93	(0.96)	0.57 [0.25, 0.89]	<0.001
Problem-solving	3.54	(0.90)	3.60	(0.78)	3.64	(0.78)	3.67	(0.74)	0.24 [0.01, 0.48]	0.017
Depression	26.08	(11.19)	20.48	(11.60)	18.03	(11.23)	16.19	(12.40)	-0.98 [-1.32, -0.64]	<0.001
Anxiety	18.54	(11.21)	17.13	(10.62)	15.69	(10.69)	13.88	(10.37)	-0.71 [-1.03, -0.38]	<0.001

Note. Effect sizes () for growth models were calculated using R’s lme.dscore function [112].