The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression before and after COVID-19 Vaccines Were Universally Available for Adults in the United States
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics by vaccination status in the pre- and universal vaccine eras—CHASING COVID Cohort, USA, December 2020-January 2022.
Overall, (%)
Preuniversal vaccine era (December 2020-April 18, 2021)
Universal vaccine era (April 19, 2021-January 11, 2022)
Not vaccinated, (%)
Vaccinated, (%)
Not vaccinated, (%)
Vaccinated, (%)
11,469 (100.0)
4,846 (100.0)
3,194 (100.0)
2,628 (100.0)
801 (100.0)
Age
18-49
8,129 (70.9)
3,390 (70.0)
2,006 (62.8)
2,070 (78.8)
663 (82.8)
50-59
1,536 (13.4)
650 (13.4)
479 (15.0)
325 (12.4)
82 (10.2)
60+
1,804 (15.7)
806 (16.6)
709 (22.2)
233 (8.9)
56 (7.0)
Gender
Cisgender male
4,889 (42.6)
2,152 (44.4)
1,502 (47.0)
892 (33.9)
343 (42.8)
Cisgender female
6,296 (54.9)
2,558 (52.8)
1,594 (49.9)
1,706 (64.9)
438 (54.7)
Nonbinary/transgender
284 (2.5)
136 (2.8)
98 (3.1)
30 (1.1)
20 (2.5)
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic
2,007 (17.5)
821 (16.9)
401 (12.6)
584 (22.2)
201 (25.1)
Black non-Hispanic
1,359 (11.8)
496 (10.2)
211 (6.6)
528 (20.1)
124 (15.5)
Asian\Pacific Islander
781 (6.8)
357 (7.4)
239 (7.5)
117 (4.5)
68 (8.5)
White non-Hispanic
6,915 (60.3)
3,013 (62.2)
2,252 (70.5)
1,273 (48.4)
377 (47.1)
Other
407 (3.5)
159 (3.3)
91 (2.8)
126 (4.8)
31 (3.9)
Income
<$50,000
4,724 (41.2)
1,866 (38.5)
1,005 (31.5)
1,474 (56.1)
379 (47.3)
$50,000 to $99,999
3,489 (30.4)
1,489 (30.7)
1,033 (32.3)
735 (28.0)
232 (29.0)
$100,000 or more
2,913 (25.4)
1,353 (27.9)
1,071 (33.5)
331 (12.6)
158 (19.7)
Unknown
343 (3.0)
138 (2.8)
85 (2.7)
88 (3.3)
32 (4.0)
Education
<High school
223 (1.9)
70 (1.4)
23 (0.7)
110 (4.2)
20 (2.5)
High school graduate
1,362 (11.9)
472 (9.7)
183 (5.7)
601 (22.9)
106 (13.2)
Some college
3,226 (28.1)
1,275 (26.3)
656 (20.5)
1,020 (38.8)
275 (34.3)
College graduate
6,658 (58.1)
3,029 (62.5)
2,332 (73.0)
897 (34.1)
400 (49.9)
Employment status
Employed
7,406 (64.6)
3,175 (65.5)
2,119 (66.3)
1,596 (60.7)
516 (64.4)
Out of work
1,384 (12.1)
547 (11.3)
313 (9.8)
403 (15.3)
121 (15.1)
Other/unknown
2,679 (23.4)
1,124 (23.2)
762 (23.9)
629 (23.9)
164 (20.5)
Any in household
No
7,769 (67.7)
3,409 (70.3)
2,521 (78.9)
1,368 (52.1)
471 (58.8)
Yes
3,700 (32.3)
1,437 (29.7)
673 (21.1)
1,260 (47.9)
330 (41.2)
Recent housing insecurity
Usually/always
1,890 (16.5)
759 (15.7)
293 (9.2)
664 (25.3)
174 (21.7)
Rarely/sometimes
3,648 (31.8)
1,574 (32.5)
861 (27.0)
921 (35.0)
292 (36.5)
Never
5,931 (51.7)
2,513 (51.9)
2,040 (63.9)
1,043 (39.7)
335 (41.8)
Recent food insecurity
No
8,341 (72.7)
3,623 (74.8)
2,696 (84.4)
1,529 (58.2)
493 (61.5)
Yes
3,128 (27.3)
1,223 (25.2)
498 (15.6)
1,099 (41.8)
308 (38.5)
Potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk
Less exposure
7,126 (62.1)
3,100 (64.0)
2,197 (68.8)
1,368 (52.1)
461 (57.6)
More exposure
4,343 (37.9)
1,746 (36.0)
997 (31.2)
1,260 (47.9)
340 (42.4)
Susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease
Less susceptible
9,037 (78.8)
3,834 (79.1)
2,466 (77.2)
2,073 (78.9)
664 (82.9)
More susceptible
2,432 (21.2)
1,012 (20.9)
728 (22.8)
555 (21.1)
137 (17.1)
Healthcare access
Fewer barriers to access
6,518 (56.8)
2,860 (59.0)
2,165 (67.8)
1,124 (42.8)
369 (46.1)
More barriers to access
4,951 (43.2)
1,986 (41.0)
1,029 (32.2)
1,504 (57.2)
432 (53.9)
Anxiety symptoms
None/mild
8,574 (74.8)
3,554 (73.3)
2,538 (79.5)
1,889 (71.9)
593 (74.0)
Moderate/severe
2,895 (25.2)
1,292 (26.7)
656 (20.5)
739 (28.1)
208 (26.0)
Mean (STD)
6.39 (5.72)
6.69 (5.64)
5.87 (5.25)
6.46 (6.29)
6.35 (5.91)
Median (IQR)
5 (2, 2)
6 (2, 2)
5 (2, 2)
5 (1, 1)
5 (1, 1)
Depressive symptoms
None/mild
8,403 (73.3)
3,521 (72.7)
2,464 (77.1)
1,839 (70.0)
579 (72.3)
Moderate/severe
3,066 (26.7)
1,325 (27.3)
730 (22.9)
789 (30.0)
222 (27.7)
Mean (STD)
6.63 (6.16)
6.80 (6.03)
6.13 (5.71)
6.90 (6.77)
6.77 (6.52)
Median (IQR)
5 (1, 1)
5 (2, 2)
5 (2, 2)
5 (1, 1)
5 (1, 1)
Measured at the survey closest to vaccine status. All other variables are measured at study enrollment.
