Codimension-Two Bifurcations of Fixed Points in a Class of Discrete Prey-Predator Systems

<table>Stability region <svg height="20.0875" id="M349" style="vertical-align:-3.43848pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.325001 20.0875" width="19.325001" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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l-26 29t-28 35.5l-23 37.5t-20.5 43t-12 45.5t-5.5 51q0 133 88 218.5t219 85.5q132 0 218 -83t86 -218q0 -40 -11.5 -78t-33 -71.5t-39 -56t-44 -51t-32.5 -35.5h84q35 0 48 12t31 63z" id="x3A9"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.925,7.587)"><path d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" id="x34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.925,19.825)"><path d="M457 488l-30 -3q-17 148 -131 148q-53 0 -84.5 -34.5t-31.5 -82.5q0 -42 25.5 -72t74.5 -62l33 -22q63 -42 95 -85t32 -102q0 -84 -67 -137t-163 -53q-58 0 -113 22t-70 43l-4 152l27 4q4 -32 15 -62.5t31 -59.5t53.5 -47t76.5 -18q56 0 92 35t36 96q0 39 -25 70t-78 68
l-31 22q-32 23 -53.5 41.5t-45 57t-23.5 77.5q0 82 58 132.5t156 50.5q46 0 101 -17l18.5 -6t17 -6t8.5 -3q-4 -55 0 -147z" id="x1D446"></path></g>
</svg> of the 4-cycle <svg height="15.5375" id="M350" style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 18.4375 15.5375" width="18.4375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.4)"><path d="M682 629q-1 -16 -1.5 -72t-2.5 -86l-31 -4q-5 92 -51 129t-139 37q-100 0 -177 -49t-116 -125t-39 -162q0 -122 66 -201t182 -79q83 0 137 42.5t112 128.5l26 -15q-12 -31 -42.5 -88t-45.5 -75q-139 -27 -199 -27q-148 0 -243 81.5t-95 226.5q0 173 129.5 274.5
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<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.05,15.475)"><path d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" id="x34"></path></g>
</svg>. The boundaries consist of NS, LP<sup>4</sup>, PD<sup>4</sup>, and NS<sup>4</sup> curves.</table>

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

fig10

Figure 10

Figure 10: Codimension-Two Bifurcations of Fixed Points in a Class of Discrete Prey-Predator Systems 