Competition Order and Innovation Behaviors of Enterprise in China

Table 1

Variable design and description.

Variable type	Variable name	Variable definitions and symbols	The corresponding questions in the questionnaire	Variable assignment
Dependent variable	Enterprise innovation behavior	Innovation behavior decision-making (IBD)	CNO.1 “in the last three years, has this establishment introduced any new products or services?”	“Yes” = 1; “No” = 0
			CNO. 4“in the last three years, did this establishment spend on research and development activities within the establishment?”
		Innovation behavior R & D investment intensity (IBR)	D.2 “in fiscal year 2011, what were this establishment’s total annual sales for ALL products and services?”	Set to “2CNo4 / (d2a + n3)”
			N.3 “in fiscal year 2009, three fiscal years ago, what were total annual sales for this establishment?”
Independent variable	Competitive order	Whether the competitive environment of enterprises is orderly (C)	E.11“does this establishment compete against unregistered or informal firms?”	“Yes” = 1; “No” = 0
		Degree of obstacles caused by disorder of competitive environment of enterprises (CO)	E.30 “to what degree are practices of copetitiors in the informal sector an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment?”	“No obstacle” = 1; “minor obstacle” = 2; “moderate obstacle” = 3; “major obstacle” = 4’; “very severe obstacle” = 5
	Impartiality degree of court	Impartiality degree of court (CF)	J.1 “the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted”	“Strongly disagree” = 1; “tend to disagree” = 2; “tend to agree” = 3; “strongly agree” = 4
Control variable	Top manager characteristics	Top manager experience (experience)	B.7 “how many years of experience working in this sector does the top manager have?”	Set to the original value of “ general manager service experience”
		Gender of top manager (gender)	B.7a “is the top manager female?”	“Female” = 1; “male” = 0
	International certification	Whether the enterprise have international certification (certification)	B.8 “does this establishment have an internationally recognized quality certification?”	“Yes” = 1; “no” = 0
	Enterprise characteristics	Enterprise size, enterprise staff size (size)	L.1 “at the end of fiscal year 2011, how many permanent, full-time individuals worked in this establishment? Please include all employees and managers”	Set to the natural logarithm of the number of employees
		Enterprise age, the operating time of the enterprise (Age)	B.5 “in what year did this establishment begin operations?”	Set to 2018 minus “year of business start,” plus 1
		State-owned shares of the enterprise, whether the enterprise has state-owned shares (SOE)	B.2 “what percentage of this firm is owned by each of the following? Government of state”	Set to: mark “yes” = 1 if the answer has a value; otherwise marked “no” = 0
	Industry characteristics	Characteristics of the industry of enterprise industry	A.4 “industry”	Classified according to OECD technology intensity standard. There are four categories. Set to three industry dummy variable
	Regional characteristics	Regional characteristics of enterprises (region)	A.2 “sampling region”	According to the Yangtze river delta, Pan pearl river delta, Pan bohai, and other four economic circle classification. There are four categories. Set to three zone dummy variables