Research Article
Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution: A Spatial Analysis
Table 4
Estimation results of panel data models without spatial interaction effects.
| | Variable | Expenditure fiscal decentralization | Revenue fiscal decentralization | | Pooled OLS | Spatial fixed effects | Time-period fixed effects | Spatial and time-period fixed effects | Pooled OLS | Spatial fixed effects | Time-period fixed effects | Spatial and time-period fixed effects |
| | FD | 10.777 (8.362) | 4.649 (2.552) | 17.293 (4.166) | 4.156 (2.042) | 5.507 (1.533) | 2.831 (2.001) | 5.771 (1.704) | 3.954 (2.618) | | ER | −0.472 (−1.885) | −0.161 (−7.578) | −0.141 (−6.550) | −0.146 (−6.672) | −0.540 (−3.171) | 0.191 (−1.559) | −1.531 (−5.823) | −0.297 (−2.336) | | ER2 | 0.074 (11.073) | 0.010 (2.618) | 0.061 (7.511) | 0.010 (2.545) | 0.043 (4.418) | 0.005 (0.957) | 0.088 (6.912) | 0.009 (1.572) | | FDER | −1.161 (−4.271) | 0.059 (0.324) | −1.747 (−4.445) | 0.088 (0.444) | −0.120 (−0.389) | 0.296 (2.057) | −0.480 (−1.636) | 0.312 (2.160) | | PGDP | −0.097 (−0.867) | 0.039 (0.666) | 0.124 (0.812) | 0.056 (0.513) | −0.566 (−6.891) | −0.168 (−3.320) | 0.106 (0.597) | −0.390 (−2.878) | | STR | −2.342 (−6.441) | −0.718 (−2.824) | −2.140 (−5.504) | −0.557 (−1.498) | −1.516 (−3.707) | −0.123 (−0.502) | −1.954 (−4.203) | −0.092 (−0.242) | | CITY | −0.021 (−0.058) | 0.961 (2.757) | −1.096 (−2.168) | 1.208 (3.271) | −1.493 (−3.196) | 0.514 (1.470) | −2.012 (−4.373) | 0.567 (1.592) | | FDI | −0.033 (−0.161) | 0.470 (5.291) | −0.188 (−0.921) | 0.495 (5.519) | 0.200 (2.364) | 0.171 (3.362) | 0.034 (0.425) | 0.167 (3.295) | | FDFDI | 0.011 (0.044) | −0.583 (−5.465) | 0.199 (0.806) | −0.611 (−5.687) | −0.223 (−1.178) | −0.460 (0.001) | 0.017 (0.099) | −0.483 (−4.374) | | σ2 | 0.688 | 0.028 | 0.221 | 0.027 | 0.281 | 0.030 | 0.236 | 0.109 | | R2 | 0.682 | 0.157 | 0.706 | 0.169 | 0.627 | 0.088 | 0.686 | 0.029 | | LogL | −318.856 | 176.392 | −305.001 | 181.556 | −360.335 | 158.213 | −320.008 | 165.297 | | LMlag | 33.831 | 0.463 | 36.003 | 3.175 | 6.535 | 1.447 | 11.061 | 5.750 | | LMerror | 48.470 | 0.169 | 41.406 | 3.436 | 4.956 | 0.927 | 3.238 | 5.066 |
| | LR test | Spatial fixed effects | LR = 973.129, | LR = 970.611, | | Time-period fixed effects | LR = 10.327, | LR = 14.167, |
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Figures in parentheses are T Statistic; , , and denote statistical significance levels at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. |
