Research Article
Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution: A Spatial Analysis
Table 5
Estimation results of the SDM model.
| | | Expenditure fiscal decentralization | Revenue fiscal decentralization | | 0-1 rook matrix | Geographic distance matrix | Economic distance nesting matrix | 0-1 rook matrix | Geographic distance matrix | Economic distance nesting matrix |
| | W EPI | −0.063 (−0.979) | 0.283 (3.229) | 0.237 (2.559) | −0.028 (−0.444) | 0.118 (1.686) | 0.047 (1.724) | | FD | 2.696 (1.398) | 5.912 (2.848) | 4.724 (2.232) | 4.370 (2.901) | 5.131 (3.463) | 5.537 (3.688) | | ER | −0.330 (−1.658) | −0.063 (−0.306) | −0.177 (−0.836) | −0.368 (−3.037) | −0.403 (−3.441) | −0.350 (−2.864) | | ER2 | 0.011 (3.012) | 0.010 (2.685) | 0.012 (2.929) | 0.013 (2.424) | 0.014 (2.650) | 0.012 (2.103) | | FD ER | 0.174 (0.849) | 0.091 (1.675) | 0.007 (0.033) | 0.217 (1.535) | 0.302 (2.207) | 0.287 (2.012) | | PGDP | 0.145 (1.341) | −0.025 (−0.229) | 0.008 (0.078) | −0.188 (−1.327) | 0.351 (2.710) | 0.266 (1.922) | | STR | −0.852 (−2.358) | −1.045 (−2.671) | −0.648 (−1.670) | −0.232 (−1.675) | −0.245 (−1.684) | −0.170 (2.423) | | CITY | 1.456 (4.092) | 1.163 (3.322) | 1.045 (2.890) | 1.097 (3.090) | 0.887 (2.606) | 0.625 (1.773) | | FDI | 0.446 (4.334) | 0.392 (3.627) | 0.407 (3.944) | 0.182 (3.534) | 0.210 (4.305) | 0.212 (4.290) | | FD FDI | −0.533 (−4.301) | −0.494 (−3.780) | −0.506 (−4.063) | −0.455 (−4.037) | −0.556 (−5.101) | −0.574 (−5.260) | | W ER | −0.889 (−2.134) | −1.667 (−2.425) | −2.994 (−2.615) | 0.412 (1.623) | −0.221 (−0.354) | −0.643 (−0.568) | | W ER2 | −0.005 (−0.737) | −0.007 (−0.276) | 0.024 (0.609) | −0.024 (−1.940) | −0.003 (−0.132) | 0.012 (0.312) | | W FD | −17.522 (−1.348) | −18.687 (−1.317) | −14.072 (−1.514) | −4.363 (−1.358) | −2.533 (−0.591) | −4.805 (−0.806) | | W FD ER | 1.347 (3.362) | 2.499 (3.417) | 3.019 (3.300) | 0.754 (2.276) | 1.116 (2.845) | 0.867 (1.653) | | W PGDP | −0.612 (−3.272) | −1.142 (−3.368) | −0.714 (−1.915) | −0.802 (−3.044) | −0.045 (−0.105) | 0.101 (0.201) | | W STR | −2.448 (−2.762) | −2.261 (−1.817) | −0.947 (−0.579) | −1.142 (−1.217) | −0.450 (−0.352) | −2.381 (−1.415) | | W CITY | −1.832 (−2.370) | −1.898 (−1.500) | −0.486 (−0.335) | −2.524 (−3.262) | −3.799 (−3.202) | −1.573 (−1.108) | | W FDI | 0.010 (0.049) | 0.836 (0.106) | 1.504 (3.772) | 0.114 (0.975) | 0.415 (2.867) | 0.335 (1.605) | | W FD FDI | −0.047 (−0.185) | −1.059 (−3.322) | −1.986 (−1.986) | −0.314 (−1.286) | −1.113 (−3.519) | −0.692 (−1.563) | | σ2 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.026 | | R2 | 0.768 | 0.869 | 0.967 | 0.965 | 0.967 | 0.964 | | LogL | 216.592 | 218.120 | 205.224 | 194.893 | 205.448 | 186.422 | | Wald (SAR) | 76.138 | 82.435 | 56.235 | 61.989 | 88.960 | 44.707 | | LR (SAR) | 70.064 | 73.037 | 47.204 | 58.452 | 79.722 | 40.863 | | Wald (SEM) | 74.754 | 74.458 | 51.693 | 62.263 | 87.643 | 44.762 | | LR (SEM) | 69.728 | 69.558 | 46.782 | 59.087 | 79.962 | 41.418 |
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Figures in parentheses are T Statistic; , , and denote statistical significance levels at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. |
