Research Article
Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Pollution: A Spatial Analysis
Table 7
The direct effects, indirect effects, and total effects of the spatial Durbin model (revenue fiscal decentralization).
| | | 0-1 rook matrix | Geographic distance matrix | Economic distance nesting matrix | | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effects | | Direct effect | Indirect effect | Total effects | | Direct effect |
| | ER | −0.362 (−2.954) | 0.411 (1.662) | 0.048 (0.169) | −0.402 (−3.391) | −0.154 (−0.263) | −0.557 (−0.932) | −0.347 (−2.741) | −0.605 (−0.556) | −0.953 (−0.879) | | ER2 | 0.013 (2.341) | −0.024 (−1.983) | −0.011 (−0.788) | 0.014 (2.656) | −0.004 (−0.189) | 0.010 (0.456) | 0.012 (2.001) | 0.011 (0.298) | 0.023 (0.606) | | FD | 4.330 (2.952) | −4.318 (−1.363) | 0.012 (0.003) | 5.198 (3.435) | −2.774 (−0.706) | 2.423 (0.617) | 5.623 (3.705) | −4.639 (−0.806) | 0.984 (0.169) | | FD ER | 0.224 (1.620) | 0.770 (2.293) | 0.995 (2.597) | 0.283 (2.067) | 0.980 (2.555) | 1.264 (3.085) | 0.287 (2.032) | 0.832 (1.503) | 1.120 (1.898) | | PGDP | −0.202 (−1.434) | −0.826 (−3.127) | −1.028 (−3.673) | −0.356 (−2.704) | 0.006 (0.017) | −0.349 (−0.863) | −0.264 (−1.862) | 0.096 (0.201) | −0.168 (−0.343) | | STR | −0.246 (−0.690) | −1.163 (−1.246) | −1.409 (−1.292) | −0.232 (−0.577) | −0.348 (−0.281) | −0.581 (−0.398) | 0.166 (0.414) | 2.310 (1.420) | 2.476 (1.363) | | CITY | 1.085 (3.102) | −2.554 (−3.223) | −1.468 (−1.730) | 0.969 (2.776) | −3.616 (−3.202) | −2.646 (−2.296) | 0.625 (1.726) | −1.516 (−1.079) | −0.891 (−0.615) | | FDI | 0.182 (3.563) | 0.120 (1.031) | 0.303 (2.293) | 0.204 (4.161) | 0.359 (2.486) | 0.563 (3.575) | 0.213 (4.246) | 0.322 (1.488) | 0.536 (2.400) | | FD FDI | −0.456 (−4.080) | −0.328 (−1.365) | −0.785 (−2.999) | −0.538 (−4.910) | −0.962 (−2.993) | −1.501 (−4.358) | −0.579 (−5.223) | −0.665 (−1.406) | −1.245 (−2.555) |
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Figures in parentheses are T Statistic; , , and denote statistical significance levels at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. |
