[Retracted] Financial Development and Carbon Emissions: Analyzing the Role of Financial Risk, Renewable Energy Electricity, and Human Capital for China

Table 4

Long-run results.

Variables	Without structural breaks		With structural breaks
	FMOLS coefficients (std. er)	DOLS coefficients (std. er)	FMOLS coefficients (std. er)	DOLS coefficients (std. er)	FMOLS coefficients (std. er)	DOLS coefficients (std. er)
FDI	−0.191 [0.0451]	−0.159 [0.0350]	−0.128 [0.0314]	−0.117 [0.0314]	−0.169 [0.0294]	−0.129 [0.0310]
GDP	1.332 [0.0980]	1.417 [0.321]	1.230 [0.0858]	1.257 [0.1028]	1.355 [0.134]	1.327 [0.1546]
FRI	0.0044 [0.0022]	0.00442 [0.0620]	0.0035 [0.0018]	0.0036 [0.0020]	0.0052 [0.0020]	0.0048 [0.0023]
HCI	−0.905 [0.2112]	−0.873 [0.2661]	−0.882 [0.1696]	−0.918 [0.1921]	−0.897 [0.2319]	−0.892 [0.2646]
REE	−0.442 [0.1493]	−0.356 [0.1606]	−0.285 [0.1429]	−0.253 [0.0561]	−0.488 [0.1532]	−0.385 [0.1752]
D1-2001	—	—	0.039 [0.0186]	0.030 [0.0087]	—	—
D2-2008	—	—	—	—	−0.0063 [0.0011]	−0.0064 [0.0019]
Constant	−1.051 [0.2214]	−1.230 [0.2712]	−1.121 [0.2619]	−1.413 [0.371]	−1.267 [0.2089]	−1.101 [0.331]
R-squared	0.971	0.963	0.982	0.962	0.951	0.967
Coefficient diagnostic tests
Normality test (Jarque–Bera)		Breusch–Pagan–Godfrey heteroscedasticity			Breusch–Pagan–Godfrey serial correlation LM
3.773 (0.151)		1.464 (0.2324)			1.021 (0.3764)

Note: , , and , respectively.