Modeling the Grain Import Trade: A Cointegration Analysis of China’s Panel Data

Table 3

Results of the ADF unit root test.

Variable	Horizontal sequence				First-order difference array
	ADF statistic	Type	1% critical value	Conclusion	ADF statistic	Type	1% critical values	Conclusion
lnWheatIM	−0.2415	0, 0, L = 0	−2.6131	Nonstationary	−12.8329	0, 0, L = 4	−2.7123	Stable
lnWheatDP	−1.8396	C, T, L = 0	−4.1577	Nonstationary	−7.6793	C, T, L = 0	−4.1685	Stable
lnWheatIP	−2.7132	C, T, L = 1	−4.2395	Nonstationary	−6.4351	C, T, L = 0	−4.1685	Stable
lnCornIM	−2.8769	0, 0, L = 0	−4.5036	Nonstationary	−7.3938	0, 0, L = 0	−4.3207	Stable
lnCornDP	−2.3581	C, T, L = 2	−4.5194	Nonstationary	−6.8145	C, T, L = 1	−4.5426	Stable
lnCornIP	−1.6073	C, T, L = 0	−4.5036	Nonstationary	−5.9296	C, T, L = 0	−3.8854	Stable
lnRiceIM	−2.7365	0, 0, L = 0	−4.2074	Nonstationary	−7.827	0, 0, L = 0	−4.2361	Stable
lnRiceDP	−3.4902	C, T, L = 0	−4.2074	Nonstationary	−5.4412	C, T, L = 0	−4.2361	Stable
lnRiceIP	−2.1136	C, T, L = 1	−4.3579	Nonstationary	−4.0837	C, T, L = 0	−4.2361	Stable
lnSoyIM	1.3074	0, 0, L = 5	−4.1055	Nonstationary	−11.3874	0, 0, L = 0	−2.7662	Stable
lnSoyDP	−2.8690	C, T, L = 1	−4.2738	Nonstationary	−6.1036	C, T, L = 0	−4.3276	Stable
lnSoyIP	−3.1527	C, T, L = 1	−4.2712	Nonstationary	−8.3975	C, T, L = 1	−4.3155	Stable