Modeling the Impact of Innovation on Economic Quality and Environmental Pollution Change under Consideration of Environmental Regulation

Table 1

Meaning and measurement of GTFP and TFP.

First-level index	Secondary indicators	Three-level indicators	References
Investment index	Manpower input	Number of employees in each city	[33–35]
	Capital investment	Perpetual inventory method is used to calculate capital stock to measure capital investment; the formula is , where and represent the depreciation rate of the city i in year t and is the total fixed-asset investment of city i in t
	Energy consumption (special for GTFP)	City annual electricity consumption
Expected output indicator	Economic output	GDP calculated at constant prices in 2000	[20]
Unexpected output indicators	Environmental pollution index (special for GTFP)	Industrial wastewater emissions, industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, and industrial smoke and dust emissions; we use the entropy method to determine the weight of undesired output to calculate the comprehensive index of undesired output	[36]