Modeling the Impact of Innovation on Economic Quality and Environmental Pollution Change under Consideration of Environmental Regulation

Table 4

Panel regression results of innovation capability on GTFP, TFP, and pollutant emissions.

	Fixed-effect model				Random-effect model
	GTFP	TFP	SO2	IWD	ISD
RD	0.054	0.012	−1.200	−1.47	0.061
	(0.012)	(0.007)	(0.164)	(0.244)	(0.382)
IS	0.101	0.046	−1.625	−0.31	−0.344
	(0.022)	(0.012)	(0.286)	(0.426)	(0.564)
FDI	−0.042	−0.041	2.024	−0.54	−1.11
	(0.064)	(0.035)	(0.839)	(1.25)	(1.12)
ROD	0.001	0.002	−0.064	−0.07	0.0192
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.016)	(0.024)	(0.036)
GOV	0.011	−0.0003	−0.137	−0.141	0.0497
	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.026)	(0.039)	(0.039)
Constant	0.821	0.854	9.343	10.935	3.41
	(0.028)	(0.016)	(0.373)	(0.555)	(0.713)
Observations	2123	2123	2123	2123	2123
Numbers	193	193	193	193	193
R-squared	0.09	0.012	0.1757	0.1985	0.01

Note: , , and represent that the estimated coefficients are significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% confidence levels, respectively.