Spatial Differentiation and Elements Influencing Urban Resilience in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River under the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 2

Index system for influential elements of the urban resilience level [21–27].

Subsystem	Index	Element	Element attribute
Social resilience	Social pressure	S1: per-capita disposable income of urban residents	+
		S2: registered unemployment rate in urban areas	—
	Medical security	S3: number of beds per 10,000 people	+
		S4: number of practicing (assistant) doctors per 10,000 people	+
	Cultural education	S5: number of university students per 10,000 people	+
	Social governance	S6: expenditures in the local general public budget	+
Economic resilience	Industrial scale	E1: GDP per land area	+
		E2: GDP growth rate	+
	Industrial structure	E3: proportion of tertiary industry	+
	Scientific and technological innovation	E4: number of authorized invention patents	+
Environmental resilience	Built environment	N1: proportion of urban construction land	—
		N2: green coverage rate in built-up areas	+
		N3: population density	—
	Natural ecology	N4: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	+
	Pollution control	N5: air quality index (AQI)	—
		N6: centralized treatment rate in sewage treatment plants	+
Engineering resilience	Traffic evacuation	P1: per-capita road surface	+
		P2: number of buses per 10,000 people	+
	Information popularization	P3: proportion of Internet users	+
	Shelter	P4: number of schools per 10,000 people	+