Risk Assessment of Water Environment Treatment PPP Projects Based on a Cloud Model

Table 1

Risk identification.

Risk factor	Risk category	Source
Corruption	Political	[34, 35]
Government’s intervention	Political	[34–38]
Expropriation by government	Political	[36–39]
Government’s reliability	Political	[35, 38, 40–42]
Political/public’s conflict	Political	[34, 38, 40]
Legislative changes	Political	[36, 38, 43]
Change in interest rate	Economic	[34–36, 38, 40, 42]
Foreign exchange and convertibility	Economic	[34, 36, 38]
Inflation	Economic	[34, 35, 38, 40]
Delay by government’s decision-making	Political	[34, 40, 44, 45]
Delay by complex approval process	Political	[36, 38, 40]
Conflict or uncomplete contract	Operation	[34, 35, 38, 40]
Financial crises	Financial	[34, 38, 40]
Project completion risk	Construction	[35, 36, 38]
Technology risk	Construction	[36, 38]
Change in market demand	Economic	[34, 38, 40, 43]
Change in market price	Economic	[35, 36]
Force majeure	Political	[34, 36, 40, 46]
Coordination and management risk	Operation	[36, 40, 43]
Environmental protection	Construction	[40, 47]
Regime stability	Political	[43]
Flawed legal system	Political	[43]
Delay in construction	Construction	[34, 38, 43]
Credit risk	Construction	[38, 48]
Profit share risk	Operation	[49–51]
Cost over run	Operation/construction	[43, 50, 52, 53]
Project quality risk	Construction	[34, 43, 50, 52]
Project design risk	Economic	[34, 49, 50]
Landscaping risk	Ecological	[39, 48, 54]
Soil erosion	Ecological	[55]
Biological chain destruction	Ecological	[48, 49, 54]
Solid waste pollution	Ecological	[43, 48, 49, 52, 53, 56]
Public perception and satisfaction	Ecological	[43, 49–51, 53]
Water resource utilization	Ecological	[48, 49, 54]
Land acquisition	Political	Interview