Dynamic Mechanisms of the Environmental Effects of FDI: An Empirical Test Based on the PVAR Model

Table 2

Variable stability tests.

Variable	LLC statistic	IPS statistic	Test results
dlnso2	−14.1708	−8.4215	Stable
dlngdp	−8.1533	−3.0101	Stable
dlnthi	−11.8877	−4.9922	Stable
dlnteca	−11.1723	−6.2058	Stable
dlnfdi	−12.2733	−6.3312	Stable

Note. The LLC statistic column is the statistics of bias compensation , (adjusted t), and the IPS statistic column is the statistics of . , , and , respectively, represent the significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%.