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| Variable types | Variable name | Items | Calculation |
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| Dependent variables | Degree of internet dependence (DE) | DE1. Compared with before, I spend more and more time on the internet | Each item is assigned a value according to the results of CGSS2017 questionnaire, “very disagrees” = 1, “relatively disagrees” = 2, “no agreement or disagrees” = 3, “relatively agrees” = 4, “very agrees” = 5, and the final variable value is obtained by summation |
| DE2. When I feel in a bad mood, I surf the internet so that I can feel better |
| DE3. I Often spend more time on the internet than I plan to |
| DE4. Because of the internet, my daily life has been affected |
| DE5. My work is affected by surfing the internet |
| DE6. Because of the internet, I have become more distant from the people around me |
| DE7. I Get antsy if I do not use the internet for a while |
| DE8. Because of the internet, I have less and less time to go out for activities |
| DE9. Because of the internet, my eyesight is getting worse |
| DE10. Because of the internet, my shoulders and neck ache |
| DE11. My family complains that I spend too much time on the internet |
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| Independent variables | Behavioral interventions (IN) | In general, do you get pressure from your family IN terms of your lifestyle or your private living arrangements (pressure here means not letting you do things or insisting that you do things they want you to do)? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, “no, never” = 1, “yes, but rarely” = 2, “yes, sometimes” = 3, “yes, often” = 4, “yes, very often” = 5 |
| Family require (RE) | Do you feel that your family, relatives, and/or friends often ask too much of you? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, “no, never” = 1, “yes, but rarely” = 2, “yes, sometimes” = 3, “yes, often” = 4, “yes, very often” = 5 |
| Emotional stress (EM) | Think about the significant people in your life, such as your spouse or common-law partner, family, or close friends. Have they been angry or disappointed with you in the last four weeks? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, “never” = 1, “rarely” = 2, “sometimes” = 3, “often” = 4, “very often” = 5 |
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| Intervening variable | Sense of loneliness (SL) | SL1. Feeling lack of company | The questions were based on the CGSS2017 questionnaire “in the past four weeks, how often have you felt like this?” select the values, “never” = 1, “rarely” = 2, “sometimes” = 3, “often” = 4, “very often” = 5, and take the mean value to get the final variable value |
| SL2. Feeling isolated from others |
| SL3.Feeling left out |
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| Control variables | Gender (gen) | Gender (interviewer record) | According to the results of CGSS2017 questionnaire, the male is assigned 1 and the female is assigned 2 |
| Age (age) | Your date of birth | Calculated according to the year of birth of the respondent in 2017 |
| Ethnic(eth) | What is your ethnic group? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, the han nationality was assigned 1, and the others were assigned 0 |
| Education (edu) | What is your highest education level at present? | According to the results of CGSS2017 questionnaire, “no education” = 1, “private school, literacy class” = 2, “primary school” = 3, “junior high school” = 4, “vocational high school” = 5, “ordinary high school” = 6, “technical secondary school” = 7, “technical school” = 8, “college junior college (adult higher education)” = 9, “university specialized subject (regular higher education)” = 10, “university undergraduate course (adult higher education)” = 11, “university undergraduate course (regular higher education)” = 12, “graduate student and above” = 13 |
| Political status (pol) | What is your current political status? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, party members are assigned 1 and others are assigned 0 |
| Religious beliefs (rel) | What is your religion? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, the religious belief is assigned as 1, and the other is assigned as 0 |
| Health (hea) | How would you describe your current state of health? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, “very unhealthy” = 1, “relatively unhealthy” = 2, “normal” = 3, “relatively healthy” = 4, “very healthy” = 5 |
| Marital status (mar) | What is your marital status now? | According to the results of the CGSS2017 questionnaire, unmarried or cohabiting is assigned as 1, while others are assigned as 0 |
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