Designing a Policy-Making Model for Biomass Energy Development Training in the Agricultural Supply Chain Sector

Table 2

Initial codes resulting from qualitative data content analysis (policy training for biomass energy development in agriculture).

No.	Initial codes	Frequency
1	Lack and incompatibility of biomass energy with farm conditions	28
2	The traditional attitude of farmers towards plowing and removing plant residues from the soil surface	26
3	Lack of a strategic and long-term plan to develop biomass energy in the country	25
4	Improper management of plant residues at the field level (burning, livestock grazing, etc.)	25
5	Lack of specific and binding laws to support biomass energy	23
6	Farmers’ limited access to inputs (herbicides, seeds, fertilizers, etc.)	23
7	Allocation of funds and small credits for developing biomass energy	21
8	Little ability of farmers to train biomass energy due to the complex nature of biomass energy	21
9	Little knowledge and experience of farmers regarding biomass energy education	20
10	Temporary reduction of the economic efficiency of the product in the early years of biomass energy implementation	19
11	The possible risk of crop reduction in the early years and farmers’ ability for acceptance	19
12	Having few bank facilities and financial resources to buy tools	19
13	Misunderstanding of planners, researchers, experts, and farmers about biomass energy	17
14	Lack of biomass energy knowledge among researchers, policymakers, managers, and experts	1
15	Weak performance of the promotion system in disseminating biomass energy knowledge and information to users	16
16	Failure to use cooperative and user-oriented models in biomass energy research	15
17	Inconsistency between biomass energy policies and other agricultural sector policies	14
18	Lack of applied research in various fields of biomass energy in Iran	14
19	Inconsistency between relevant organizations and institutions in the process of policy-making and implementation of biomass energy	13
20	Lack of network communication between actors of biomass energy development	13
21	Lack of proper insurance coverage for biomass energy	12
22	Absence of subsidy policies to support biomass energy	11
23	Lack of regulatory procedures to control the effective implementation of policies and programs	10
24	Lack of attention to the teaching of biomass energy concepts in agricultural colleges and conservatories	10
25	Failure to use the capacity of nongovernmental organizations in biomass energy development programs	9
26	Poor structure and low percentage of organic matter in agricultural soils of Iran	8