Analysis of the Dynamical Properties of Discrete Predator-Prey Systems with Fear Effects and Refuges

Figure 12

Changes in prey population size over time when different values of perturbation are taken. Here, , is the case where the perturbation is 1 before and after control, and , is the case where the perturbation is 1.5 before and after control. (a) Before control δ = 1. (b) After control, δ = 1. (c) Before control, δ = 1.5. (d) After control, δ = 1.5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)