Analysis of the Dynamical Properties of Discrete Predator-Prey Systems with Fear Effects and Refuges

Figure 13

Changes in prey population size over time when different values of perturbation are taken. Where , is the case where the perturbation is 0 before and after control, and , is the case where the perturbation is 1.2 before and after control. (a) Before control, δ = 0. (b) After control, δ = 0. (c) Before control, δ = 1.2. (d) After control, δ = 1.2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)