Assessment of Endothelial Dysfunction: The Role of Symmetrical Dimethylarginine and Proinflammatory Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients

Table 1

Demographic data, lipid status parameters, inflammatory markers and SDMA concentrations in CKD and RT patients with impaired and nonimpaired FMD.

	CKD patients FMD			RT patients FMD
	Non-impaired; (𝑛=44)	Impaired; (𝑛=20)	P	Non-impaired; (𝑛=36)	Impaired; (𝑛=16)	P
Age, years	38.4±12.7	44.2±12.0	0.238	39.5±8.8	39.0±8.6	0.894
Male, %	45.5	40.0	0.773	61.1	62.5	0.946
BMI, kg/m^2	23.63±3.40	23.09±10.44	0.875	25.48±4.30	25.18±3.11	0.856
CKD duration, months*	20.27; (10.59–38.80)	88.80; (25.85–151.74)	0.076	140.44; (103.08–177.81)	145.63; (92.79–198.45)	0.811
Creatinine, μmol/L*	233.94; (189.45–288.88)	412.80; (202.65–622.94)	0.164	165.99; (138.46–198.99)	222.13; (141.40–302.85)	0.202
GFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	27.98±13.48	19.54±11.78	0.104	40.97±13.86	32.95±13.48	0.182
Albumin, g/L	40.18±5.93	37.40±7.07	0.256	43.47±3.24	40.57±2.70	0.049
Uric acid, μmol/L	475.45±88.20	403.40±79.88	0.035	408.39±71.39	382.38±89.62	0.435
Urea, mmol/L*	15.20; (12.56–17.85)	19.20; (13.44–24.95)	0.157	10.47; (8.36–13.12)	14.02; (9.30–18.74)	0.229
Cholesterol, mmol/L	5.51±1.20	5.25±1.53	0.596	5.63±0.97	6.49±1.19	0.064
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	3.38±0.99	3.46±1.36	0.859	3.41±0.64	4.25±1.02	0.019
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	1.22±0.22	1.06±0.18	0.045	1.28±0.39	1.30±0.31	0.904
Triglyceride, mmol/L*	1.58; (1.25–2.00)	1.73; (1.16–2.58)	0.653	1.78; (1.47–2.17)	2.05; (1.75–2.40)	0.232
Fibrinogen*, g/L	4.51; (4.02–5.06)	5.38; (4.03–7.21)	0.166	4.58; (3.94–5.31)	4.65; (3.55–6.08)	0.909
hs-CRP*, mg/L	0.45; (0.28–0.73)	5.96; (1.02–34.91)	0.010	1.53; (0.74–3.17)	1.79; (0.87–3.71)	0.772
IL-6*, pg/mL	1.93; (1.44–2.60)	4.58; (3.21–6.53)	<0.001	4.29; (2.96–6.19)	3.97; (2.64–5.97)	0.802
SAA*, mg/L	2.18; (1.92–2.47)	3.78; (2.06–6.97)	0.006	9.86; (5.96–16.37)	8.88; (3.71–21.28)	0.809
NT-proBNP*, ng/L	232.27; (79.43–679.20)	645.65; (245.47–1258.1)	0.104	199.99; (91.83–435.51)	348.34; (183.65–660.69)	0.353
SDMA*, μmol/L	1.34; (1.19–1.51)	1.97; (1.69–2.28)	<0.001	1.25; (1.10–1.42)	1.30; (0.90–1.89)	0.759
O2^•−, μmol/min L	49.77; (34.83–71.29)	28.84; (9.86–84.14)	0.154	46.56; (33.73–64.27)	44.67; (35.73–55.85)	0.860

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and compared by Student’s 𝑡-test, whereas categorical variables are presented as relative frequencies and compared by Chi-square test.
*Values for CKD duration, creatinine, urea, TG, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, IL-6, SAA, NT-proBNP, SDMA, and O₂^•− are presented as geometrical mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Logarithmic transformation of the values was performed before the analysis.