Aqueous Humor Mediator and Cytokine Aberrations in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

The associations between IL-8 with DR and DME and IL-12, IP10, and TNF-α with DR.

	Number of studies	SMD (95% CI)
IL-8 & DR
Total	3	0.38 (-0.05, 0.81)	0.078	60.80%	0.087
IL-8 & DME	5	1.68 (0.97, 2.40)	<0.001	81.00%	<0.001
Subgroup
Countries
Asian	4	1.86 (0.95, 2.77)	<0.001	83.90%	<0.001
European	1	1.08 (0.45, 1.71)	0.001	N.A	N.A
DR diagnosis criteria
ETDRS	3	2.05 (0.61, 3.49)	0.005	88.90%	<0.001
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale	1	1.49 (1.04, 1.93)	<0.001	N.A	N.A
Cytokine measurements
Luminex xMAP suspension array	3	1.84 (0.42, 3.25)	0.011	90.50%	<0.001
BD Cytometric Bead Array	1	1.61 (0.68, 2.54)	0.001	N.A	N.A
Multiplex bead immunoassay	1	1.49 (1.04, 1.93)	<0.001	N.A	N.A
Remove each study for sensitivity analysis
Lee et al., 2012	4	1.87 (1.0, 2.74)	<0.001	83.90%	<0.001
Jonas et al., 2012	4	1.86 (0.95, 2.77)	<0.001	83.90%	<0.001
Umazume et al., 2013	4	1.71 (0.85, 2.58)	<0.001	85.70%	<0.001
Chen et al., 2017	4	1.77 (0.72, 2.82)	0.001	85.70%	<0.001
Noma et al., 2017	4	1.32 (1.01, 1.62)	<0.001	0%	0.525
IL-12 & DR
Total	3	0.44 (-081, 1.70)	0.488	94.20%	<0.001
IP-10 & DR
Total	2	0.31 (-0.16, 0.77)	0.017	20.50%	0.262
TNF-α & DR
Total	4	0.51 (-0.04, 1.06)	0.067	80.20%	0.002

value for heterogeneity.