Disease Markers

Research Article

Usefulness of Cathepsin S to Predict Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population.


Parameters	Control ()	Non-OSA&T2D ()	OSA&non-T2D ()	OSA&T2D ()	value

Age (years)	50.0 (38.0-64.0)	58.0 (54.0-60.0)	51.0 (46.0-56.5)	54.0 (46.5-57.0)	0.055
Male, (%)	28 (65.1)	10 (66.7)	51 (77.3)	28 (82.4)	0.287
BMI (kg/m²)	24.6 (22.2-29.0)	24.3 (21.9-26.4)	26.6 (24.2-28.8)	26.7 (24.0-28.4)	0.095
SBP (mmHg)	120.0 (114.0-134.0)	115.0 (109.0-130.0)	129.0 (117.8-137.3)	128.5 (119.0-139.3)	0.067
DBP (mmHg)	75.0 (69.0-85.0)	70.0 (65.0-78.0)	83.0 (75.0-92.3)^§	82.0 (77.8-89.0)^††	<0.001
Current smoker, (%)	11 (25.6)	5 (33.3)	20 (30.3)	17 (50.0)	0.129
Drinker, (%)	5 (11.6)	4 (26.7)	16 (24.2)	11 (32.4)	0.147
LVEF (%)	60.0 (60.0-68.0)	65.0 (62.0-68.0)	67.0 (63.0-70.0)^§§	64.0 (59.5-68.0)^£	0.002
Neck circumference (cm)	39.0 (36.0-41.0)	35.0 (33.8-42.0)	41.0 (37.0-43.0)	43.5 (41.3-46.0)^{†††££}	<0.001
ESS score	0.0 (0.0-3.0)	6.0 (0.0-9.0)	11.0 (8.0-15.0)^§§§	11.0 (7.8-15.0)^††	<0.001
AHI (events/h)	3.1 (2.1-3.9)	3.5 (2.3-7.3)	38.5 (26.2-59.6)^§§§	47.5 (29.6-73.1)^†††	<0.001
Lowest SaO₂ (%)	92.0 (91.0-93.0)	92.0 (88.0-93.0)	80.0 (70.0-86.3)^§§§	82.0 (68.5-86.3)^†††	<0.001
Mean SaO₂ (%)	97.0 (95.8-98.0)	96.0 (95.0-96.0)	94.0 (90.0-95.1)^§§§	93.5 (92.0-95.0)^††	<0.001
CT90 (%)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.2)	6.4 (0.5-16.8)^§§§	4.9 (0.2-20.6)^††	<0.001
Arousal index (events/h)	0.7 (0.0-3.2)	3.5 (0.3-6.7)	36.7 (12.3-58.1)^§§§	11.9 (7.2-16.7)^†	<0.001

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or (%), unless otherwise stated. ^§§§, ^§§, and ^§ between OSA&non-T2D and control. ^†††, ^††, and ^† between OSA&T2D and non-OSA&T2D. ^£££, ^££, and ^£ between OSA&T2D and OSA&non-T2D. OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; T2D: type 2 diabetes; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; SaO₂: arterial oxygen saturation; CT90: percentage of cumulative time with oxygen saturation below 90%.