Research Article
Hyperprogressive Disease Caused by PD-1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pan-Cancer
Table 1
Association between clinical categorical variables and HPD for immunotherapy-treated patients (n, %).
| | Variable | Non-HPD () | HPD () | |
| | Age (y) | | | 0.696 | | ≥60 | 145 (42.8) | 15 (39.5) | | | <60 | 194 (57.2) | 23 (60.5) | | | Smoking history | | 0.091 | | Ever-smoker | 138 (40.9) | 21 (55.3) | | | Never-smoker | 199 (59.1) | 17 (44.7) | | | Missing | 2 | 0 | | | Smoking exposure (pack-years) | | | 0.737 | | >30 | 89 (26.4) | 11 (28.9) | | | ≤30 | 248 (73.6) | 27 (71.1) | | | Missing | 2 | | | | Surgical history | | | 0.800 | | Yes | 159 (46.9) | 17 (44.7) | | | No | 180 (53.1) | 21 (55.3) | | | PD-L1 positivity | | | 0.173 | | Positive | 185 (64.0) | 20 (52.6) | | | Negative | 104 (36.0) | 18 (47.4) | | | Missing | 50 | 0 | | | Response to line before immunotherapy | | | 0.034 | | PR | 9 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | | | SD | 125 (36.9) | 7 (18.4) | | PD | 205 (60.5) | 31 (81.6) | | Number of metastatic sites | | | 0.000 | | 0-1 | 227 (67.0) | 14 (36.8) | | | ≥2 | 112 (33.0) | 24 (63.2) | | ECOG performance status | | | 0.007 | | ≥2 | 12 (3.5) | 5 (13.2) | | | 0-1 | 327 (96.5) | 33 (86.8) | | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | | | 0.726 | | >3 | 124 (36.6) | 15 (39.5) | | | ≤3 | 215 (63.4) | 23 (60.5) | | Lactate dehydrogenase level | | | 0.028 | | ≤upper limit of normal | 222 (65.5) | 18 (47.4) | | | >upper limit of normal | 117 (34.5) | 20 (52.6) | | Liver metastasis | | | 0.000 | | Present | 97 (28.6) | 24 (63.2) | | | Absent | 242 (71.4) | 14 (36.8) |
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HPD: hyperprogressive disease; PD-L1: programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
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