Hepatic Steatosis Index and Chronic Kidney Disease among Middle-Aged Individuals: A Large-Scale Study in Japan

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants (men).

	No CKD ()	CKD ()	value^a
Age (years)	50.3 (7.0)	54.1 (7.0)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.6 (3.5)	25.1 (3.9)	<0.001
Smoking status ( (%))
None	21,771 (35.9)	2,298 (43.8)	<0.001
Former	11,817 (19.5)	1,237 (23.6)
Current	27,020 (44.6)	1,707 (32.6)
Alcohol intake ( (%))
None	16,058 (26.5)	1,712 (32.7)	<0.001
Sometimes	18,532 (30.6)	1,717 (32.8)
Everyday	26,018 (42.9)	1,813 (34.6)
Physical activity ( (%))
<60 min/day	40,365 (66.6)	3,634 (69.3)	<0.001
≥60 min/day	20,243 (33.4)	1,608 (30.7)
Hypertension ( (%))	22,034 (36.4)	2,524 (48.2)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia ( (%))	31,969 (52.8)	3,182 (60.7)	<0.001
Diabetes ( (%))	4,878 (8.1)	963 (18.4)	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.80 (0.73, 0.90)	1.07 (1.00, 1.13)	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	81.4 (13.2)	60.6 (15.8)	<0.001
ALT (U/L)	22 (17, 32)	24 (17, 34)	<0.001
AST (U/L)	22 (19, 27)	23 (19, 29)	<0.001
HSI	32.4 (5.5)	34.2 (5.9)	<0.001

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HSI: hepatic steatosis index. Values are mean (standard deviation) or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) except where indicated, (%). ^aWilcoxon’s rank-sum test, unpaired -test, or chi-squared test.