Risk Assessment of Liver Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Using Multiple Models Based on Machine Learning: A Large Population-Based Study

Figure 4

(a) The cancer-specific survival (CSS) comparison between pancreatic cancer (PC) patients who receive surgery and nonsurgery in the high-risk group (after PSM). (b) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive chemotherapy and nonchemotherapy in the high-risk group (after PSM). (c) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy in the high-risk group (after PSM). (d) Survival comparison between pancreatic cancer (PC) patients who receive surgery and nonsurgery in the middle-risk group (after PSM). (e) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive chemotherapy and nonchemotherapy in the middle-risk group (after PSM). (f) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy in the middle-risk group (after PSM). (g) Survival comparison between pancreatic cancer (PC) patients who receive surgery and nonsurgery in the low-risk group (after PSM). (h) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive chemotherapy and nonchemotherapy in the low-risk group (after PSM). (i) Survival comparison between PC patients who receive radiotherapy and nonradiotherapy in the low-risk group (after PSM). Note: the PC patients who receive treatment (including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) and nontreatment at a PSM ratio of 1 : 1. (a, d, g) PC patients who receive surgery and PC patients who did not receive surgery were matched by PSM at a ratio of 1 : 1. (b, e, h) PC patients who receive chemotherapy and PC patients who did not receive chemotherapy were matched by PSM at a ratio of 1 : 1. (c, f, i) PC patients who receive radiotherapy and PC patients who did not receive radiotherapy were matched by PSM at a ratio of 1 : 1. The matched variables for propensity score matching (PSM) included the age at PC diagnosis, race, gender, T stage, N stage, year of PC diagnosis, tumor size, and histology at the ratio of 1 : 1. Abbreviations: CSS: cancer-specific survival; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; PSM: propensity score matching; PC: pancreatic cancer.

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