Reference Intervals of Spot Urine Creatinine-to-Osmolality Ratio as a Surrogate of Urinary Creatinine Excretion Rate
Table 4
Comparisons of spot urine osmolality according to conditions of demographics, comorbidities, and medication use.
sUOsm, mOsm/kg
value
Sex
Male vs. female
vs.
<0.001
Races
Mexican American
<0.001a
Other Hispanic
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic Black
Non-Hispanic Asian
Other races
African American (yes vs. no)
vs.
<0.001
Comorbidities (yes vs. no)
Hypertension
vs.
<0.001
Diabetes mellitus
vs.
0.043
Coronary artery disease
vs.
0.325
Congestive heart failure
vs.
0.262
Cerebrovascular disease
vs.
0.004
Active liver disease
vs.
0.430
Cancer
vs.
<0.001
Medication use (yes vs. no)
ACEI/ARB
vs.
0.001
β-Adrenergic blocker
vs.
<0.001
Calcium channel blocker
vs.
<0.001
Diuretics
vs.
<0.001
Other antihypertensives
vs.
0.046
Abbreviations: ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; sOsm: spot urine osmolality. aAs indicated, a comparison for the means among the various ethnic groups is performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with the Bonferroni method as the post hoc test.
