|
| Author/type of study | NR of PTs (gender)/mean age of PTs | DX (HISTOLOGY)/mean of disease duration | Therapeutic regimen | Outcome measurement | Overall response to treatment (improved, stabilized, worsened) | Follow-up duration |
| Agent (number or percent of administered patients) | Dose | Duration |
|
| Gkini et al. [13]/retrospective analysis | 40 (f)/65.88 ± 8.18 y | FFA (yes)/not available | (i) ITAIs1 (intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections) (on scalp: 10 mg/ml (10%)/on eyebrow: 5 mg/ml (5%)) | (i) 0.1 ml/cm2 (on scalp)/0.125 ml/cm2 (on eyebrow) | 4 sessions of ITAIs | Management of hairline recession | Stabilized (n = 40) | 6 m–4 y |
| ITAIs was repeated every 3 months | (Stop of hair loss with no more disease progression at f/u sessions) |
|
| Pirmez et al. [14]/prospective observational study | 3 (f)/49–53 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Oral isotretinoin | (i) 20 mg/day for 1 month then titrated to 0.5 mg/kg/day for 2 months (40 mg/day in all 3 patients) | 3 m | Improvement of facial papules | Improved (n = 3) | 3 m |
| (Facial papules had completely vanished or considered minimal) |
|
| Batra et al. [15]/case report | 1 (f)/45 y | FFA (yes)/4 y | (i) Oral finasteride | (i) 5 mg/D | 17 m | Hair regrowth along the hairline and trichoscopy | Improved (n = 1) (elimination of hyperkeratosis and inflammation on trichoscopy, and hair regrowth was seen) | NA |
| (ii) Oral HCQ (Hydroxychloroquine) | (ii) 200 mg/BD |
| (iii) ITAIs | (iii) Triamcinolone acetonide (2.5 mg/mL), monthly |
| (iv) Topical minoxidil 5% solution | (iv) 1 drop/BD |
|
| Diehl et al. [16]/case report | 1 (f)/56 y | FFA (yes)/3 y | (i) HCQ | (i) NA | 2 m | Hair regrowth | Worsened (n = 1) (there was only some vellus hair growth at the site of applying minoxidil solution) | NA |
| (ii) ITAIs | (ii) Triamcinolone 3 mg/mL (with 1 mm given monthly in each temporal area) |
| (iii) Doxycycline monohydrate | (iii) 100 mg BD |
| (iv) Topical minoxidil 5% | (iv) BD |
|
| Lee et al. [17]/case report | 1 (f)/63 y | FFA (yes)/4 m | (i) Oral alitretinoin | (i) 30 mg/D | 5 m | Improvement of facial papules | Improved (n = 1) | NA |
| (Facial papules had completely vanished) |
|
| Panchaprateep et al. [18]/retro-prospective cohort study | 46 (f)/61 y | FFA (yes)/1–5 y | (i) Monotherapy with topical treatments (topical steroids, topical tacrolimus, topical pimecrolimus, topical minoxidil, topical retinoids) (n = 9, 19.6%) | As mentioned | NA | Hair regrowth along the hairline | (i) Improved (n = 3, 33.3%)/stabilized (n = 6, 66.7%) | NA |
| (ii) Finasteride 5 mg/day (or dutasteride 0.5 mg/day) with topical treatment (n = 23, 50%) | (ii) Improved (n = 6, 26.1%)/stabilized (n = 15, 65.2%)/worsened (n = 2, 8.7%) |
| (iii) HCQ (200–400 mg/day) with topical treatment (n = 10, 21.7%) | (iii) Improved (n = 3.30%)/stabilized (n = 6.60%)/worsened (n = 1.10%) |
| (iv) Other systemic treatment (e.g. cyclosporin A,doxycycline) with topical treatment (n = 4, 8.7%) | (iv) Improved (n = 1.25%)/stabilized (n = 2.50%)/worsened (n = 1.25%) |
|
| Suchonwanit et al. [19]/retrospective clinical study | 56 (f: 54, m: 2)/51.3 y | FFA (yes)/6.5 (1–15) y | (i) Topical steroids with HCQ (n = 29) | NA | NA | Management of hairline recession and hair loss/decrease of the symptoms | (i) Stabilized (n = 23, 79.3%) | 1–15 y |
| (ii) Topical steroids with finasteride (n = 15) | (ii) Stabilized (n = 11, 73.3%) |
| (iii) Intralesional steroids with HCQ (n = 10) | (iii)Stabilized (n = 5.50%) |
| (iv) High-potency topical corticosteroids | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) HCQ (n = 4) | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Intralesional steroids (n = 4) | (vi) Worsened |
| (vii) HCQ with doxycycline (n = 8) | (vii) Worsened |
| (viii) Topical steroids with intralesional steroids (n = 7) | (viii) Worsened |
| (ix) Topical tacrolimus with HCQ (n = 3) | (ix) Worsened |
| (x) HCQ with pioglitazone (n = 2) | (x) Worsened |
| (xi) Topical steroids with dutasteride (n = 1) | (xi) Worsened |
| (xii) HCQ with methotrexate (n = 1) | (xii) Worsened |
| (xiii) Topical steroids with acitretin (n = 1) | (xiii) Worsened |
|
| Mahmoudi et al. [20]/randomized controlled trial | 38 (f: 36, m: 2)/46 ± 9.4 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) isotretinoin (20 mg/day) with topical treatments (consisted of: topical clobetasol 0.05% (for 5 days) followed by tacrolimus 0.1% (for 2 days), after two weeks, a weekly cycle of tacrolimus 0.1% (for 5 days) and clobetasol 0.05% (for 2 days)) (n = 19) | As mentioned | 6 m | Hair regrowth along the hairline and vertex/improvement of facial papules | (i) Improved | 6 m |
| (ii) Monotherapy with topical treatments (n = 19) | (ii) Worsened |
|
| Pindado et al. [21]/retrospective observational study | 224 (f: 222, m: 2)/NA | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Capsule dutasteride 0.5 mg (n = 148, 66.1%) | (i) 1 to 7 caps pre week | 12 m≤ | Stabilization of the hairline recession | (i) Stabilized | 24 (12–108) m |
| (ii) Finasteride (n = 9, 4%) | (ii) 2.5–5 mg/day | (ii) Stabilized |
| (iii) HCQ (n = 6, 2.7%) | (iii) 200–400 mg/day | (iii) Worsened |
| (iv) Doxycycline (n = 2, 1.3%) | (iv) 100 mg/day | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) Oral isotretinoin (n = 2, 0.9%) | (v) 5–20 mg/day | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Topical minoxidil 5% (all patients) | (vi) 5 nights a week | (vi) Worsened |
| (vii) Clobetasol propionate 0.05% solution (all patients) | (vii) Twice weekly | (vii) Worsened |
|
| Pirmez and Spagnol Abraham [22]/case series | 7 (f)/35–65 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Low dose oral minoxidil | (i) Initial dose | 5 m | Eyebrow regrowth | (i) Improved (complete (n = 2) and partial (n = 5) regrowth of eyebrow was seen) | NA |
| 0.5 mg (n = 2) |
| 0.75 mg (n = 2) |
| 1.25 mg (n = 3) daily/at month 3, the dose was increased to 2.5 mg/day in 5 patients |
|
| Pham et al. [23]/case series | 3 (f: 2, m: 1)/45 y | FFA (yes)/3.66 y | (i) Oral isotretinoin 30 mg/day + intralesional triamcinolone 5 mg/mL every 6 to 8 weeks | As mentioned | 6 m≤ | Improvement of facial papules | Improved (n = 3) (significant decrease in the number and size of facial papules, regrowth of eyebrows, hairline stability was seen) | 18–24 m |
| (ii) Oral isotretinoin 20 mg/day + intralesional triamcinolone 5 mg/mL every 6 to 8 weeks + topical clobetasol 0.05% solution daily |
| (iii) Oral isotretinoin 20 mg BD + topical minoxidil 5% BD + ketoconazole shampoo 2% topically 3 times per week + fluocinonide 0.05% solution topically BD + intralesional triamcinolone 5 mg/mL every 6 to 8 weeks |
|
| Stumpf et al. [24]/case report | 1 (f)/53 y | FFA (no)/3 y | (i) Methotrexate | (i) 20 mg once a week | 7 m | Improvement of fronto-temporal hairline recession | (i) Stabilized | NA |
|
| Cid et al. [25]/observational retrospective cross-sectional study | 75 (f: 73, m: 2)/61 y | FFA (yes)/4 y | (i) ITAIs (n = 6) | (i) 8 mg/mL | 10 m | Stabilization of hairline recession | (i) Stabilized (n = 2, 33%) | 11.5 m |
| (ii) HCQ (n = 5) | (ii) 200–400 mg/d | (ii) Stabilized (n = 5, 100%) |
| (iii) Finasteride (n = 2) | (iii) 2.5 mg/d | (iii) Stabilized (n = 1, 50%) |
| (iv) Oral corticosteroids (prednisone) (n = 1) | (iv) 50 mg | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) Oral isotretinoin (n = 1) | (v) 20 mg/d | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Dutasteride (n = 14) | (vi) 0.5 mg/d (1–3 times per week) | (vi) Stabilized (n = 9, 64.2%) |
|
| Cardona et al. [26]/case series | 5 (f)/41.4 y | FFA (yes)/4 y | (i) Oral isotretinoin | (i) 10 mg/d | 3–24 m | Improvement of facial papules | (i) Improved (n = 5) | NA |
| (Rapid improvement of the papules, with persistence of the other skin findings) |
|
| Murad and Bergfeld [27]/case series | 3 (f)/53.3 y | FFA (yes)/6 m–15 y | (i) HCQ (n = 3) | (i) 200 mg BD | (i) 6 m< | Regrowth of eyebrows | (i) Worsened (n = 3) | NA |
| (ii) Topical minoxidil 5% (n = 3) | (ii) Daily | (ii) 6 m< | (ii) Worsened (n = 3) |
| (iii) Clobetasol propionate (0.05%) lotion (n = 3) | (iii) Daily | (iii) 6 m< | (iii) Worsened (n = 3) |
| (iv) Topical bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03% (n = 3) | (iv) BD | (iv) 9 m< | (iv) Improved (n = 2) |
|
| Özcan et al. [28]/case report | 1 (f)/44 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Clobetasol propionate lotion 0.05% (on the scalp) | (i) BD | 9 m | Improvement of frontotemporal hairline recession | (i) Worsened | NA |
| (ii) Prednisolone cream 0.125% (on the eyebrows) | (ii) BD | (ii) Worsened |
| (iii) HCQ | (iii) 400 mg/d | (iii) Worsened |
| (iv) Topical minoxidil 5% lotion (on the scalp) | (iv) BD | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) ITAIs | (v) (Into the eyebrows: 2.5 mg/ml, and fronto-temporal hairline: 5 mg/ml) (6 treatments with 1-month interval) | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) PRP (platelet rich plasma) injection | (vi) (0.1 ml/cm2, 5 treatments with 1-month interval) | (vi) Improved (improvement of disease symptoms with no more hair loss) |
|
| Peterson et al. [29]/retrospective review | 7 (m)/54 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Doxycycline | (i) 100 mg daily | 14 m (1–51) | Stabilization of hair loss/trichoscopy/resolution of symptoms | Improved (n = 7) (improvement of disease symptoms with no more hair loss, one patient experienced minor regrowth of eyebrows) | NA |
| (ii) HCQ | (ii) 200 mg daily |
| (iii) Naltrexone | (iii) 4.5 mg daily |
| (iv) Pioglitazone | (iv) 15 mg daily |
| (v) Finasteride | (v) 1 mg daily |
| (vi) Topical minoxidil 5% | (vi) BD |
| (vii) Topical tacrolimus 0.3% | (vii) Daily |
| (viii) Clobetasol solution 0.05% | (viii) Daily |
| (ix) Clobetasol 0.05% shampoo | (ix) Three times weekly |
| (x) ITAIs | (x) NA |
| (xi) PRP injection | (xi) NA |
|
| Campbell and McKenna [30]/case report | 1 (f)/48 y | FFA (yes)/7 y | (i) Oral isotretinoin | (i) 20 mg/day | 6 m | Improvement of facial papules | (i) Improved (overall reduction and flattening of the papules) | 2 y |
|
| Trindade de Carvalho [31]/case report | 1 (f)/73 y | FFA (yes)/several years | (i) ITAIs | (i) Triamcinolone acetonide 5 mg/mL | (i) 58 m | Improvement of hairline recession | (i) Worsened | 13 m |
| (ii) Oral corticosteroids (prednisone) | (ii) 15 mg daily | (ii) 3 m | (ii) Worsened |
| (iii) Infrared light | (iii) (15 sessions) | (iii) 42 m | (iii) Worsened |
| (iv) HCQ | (iv) 400 mg daily | (iv) 18 m | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) Ciclosporin | (v) 50 mg daily | (v) 6 m | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Minocycline | (vi) 100 mg daily | (vi) 6 m | (vi) Worsened |
| (vii) Doxycycline | (vii) 5 mg daily | (vii) 6 m | (vii) Worsened |
| (viii) Tofacitinib | (viii) 50 mg daily | (viii) 3 m | (viii) Worsened |
| (ix) Flutamide | (ix) 1–2 mg/day | (ix) 65 m | (ix) Worsened |
| (x) Topical minoxidil | (x) 0.5 mg daily | (x) 14 m | (x) Improved |
| (xi) Dutasteride | (xi) 100 mg at week 0, 4 and 12 (weekly) | (xi) NA | (xi) Improved |
| (xii) Tildrakizumab (interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody) | | | (xii) Improved |
|
| Starace et al. [32]/case series | 65 (f)/62.5 y | FFA (yes)/4.3 y | (i) Intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (n = 15, 23.1%) | (i) 0.5 mg/kg/month | 6 m≤ | Improvement of hairline recession | Improved (systemic agents in regards to hair loss improvement: 75%, topical agents in regards to symptoms improvement: 91%) | 6 m≤ |
| (ii) ITAIs (n = 3, 4.5%) | (ii) 3 ml every 6 weeks) |
| (iii) HCQ (n = 10, 15.4%) | (iii) 400 mg/da |
| (iv) Oral finasteride (2.5 mg/day) or dutasteride (0.5 mg/day) (n = 45 patients, 69.3%) | (iv) As mentioned |
| (v) Topical clobetasone propionate 0.05 (n = 15, 23.1%) | (v) Daily |
| (vi) Topical tacrolimus 0.1% (n = 40, 61%) | (vi) Daily |
| (vii) Topical pimecrolimus cream (n = 20, 13%) | (vii) Daily |
|
| Letulé et al. [33]/retrospective study | 72 (f: 70, m: 2)/62 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) HCQ | (i) 200 to 400 mg/day | NA | Improvement of hairline recession | (i) Worsened | 20 m |
| (ii) Systemic retinoids (n = 4, 5.6%) | (ii) Daily | (ii) NA |
| (iii) Tacrolimus (n = 13, 18.1%) | (iii) Daily | (iii) NA |
| (iv) Topical pimecrolimus 1% (n = 53, 73.6%) | (iv) Daily | (iv) Improved (64.6%) (in combination with high-potency steroids) |
| (v) Topical high-potency steroids (all patients) (clobetasol propionate (81.9%, n = 59) and betamethasone valerate (27.8%, n = 20)) | (v) Daily |
|
| Flores Terry et al. [34]/case report | 2 (f)/43.5 y | FFA (yes)/4 y | (i) Oral isotretinoin | (i) 10 mg/day | 6 m | Improvement of facial papules | (i) Improved (n = 2) | NA |
|
| Murad and Bergfeld [35]/case report | 1 (f)/48 y | FFA (yes)/6 m | (i) HCQ | (i) 200 mg BD | (i) 14 m | Improvement of scalp alopecia/regrowth of eyebrows | (i) Stabilized | NA |
| (ii) Clobetasol propionate (0.05%) lotion | (ii) Daily | (ii) 14 m | (ii) Stabilized |
| (iii) Tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) | (iii) Daily | (iii) 14 m | (iii) Stabilized |
| (iv) Topical bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03% | (iv) BD | (iv) 6 m | (iv) Improved (eyebrows regrowth) |
|
| Strazzulla et al. [36]/retrospective review | 92 (f: 90, m: 2)/55 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) ITAIs | NA | 10.4 m≤ | No further hairline recession, eyebrow loss, or evidence of active inflammation | (i) Stabilized (71.7%, n = 66) | 21.4 m |
| (ii) HCQ | (ii) Stabilized (34.8%, n = 32) |
| (iii) Antibiotics (doxycycline, tetracycline, or minocycline) | (iii) Stabilized (70.7%, n = 65) |
| (iv) Methotrexate | (iv) Worsened |
| (v) Spironolactone | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Finasteride/dutasteride | (vi) Stabilized (26.1%, n = 24) |
| (vii) Tacrolimus, 0.3% (in cetaphil cleanser) | (vii) Stabilized (41.3%, n = 38) |
| (viii) Hydrocortisone butyrate, 0.1% solution | (viii) Stabilized (54.3%, n = 50) |
| (ix) Topical minoxidil 5% | (ix) Stabilized (67.4%, n = 62) |
| (x) Clobetasol propionate, 0.05% lotion or betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% lotion | (x) Stabilized (23.9%, n = 22) |
|
| Zhang et al. [37]/retrospective review | 29 (f: 28, m: 1)/55.4 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Topical steroids (n = 21,.72%) | NA | NA | Hair regrowth or hair loss stabilization | (i) Stabilized (n = 11) | NA |
| (ii) HCQ (n = 16.55%) | (ii) Stabilized (n = 10) |
| (iii) Intralesional steroids (n = 11.38%) | (iii) Worsened |
| (iv) Topical pimecrolimus (or tacrolimus) (n = 6.21%) | (iv) Stabilized (n = 5) |
| (v) Topical minoxidil (n = 3.10%) | (v) Worsened |
| (vi) Antibiotics (doxycycline, tetracycline, or minocycline) (n = 10.30%) | (vi) Worsened |
| (vii) Bimatoprost (n = 1.3%) | (vii) NA |
| (viii) Methotrexate (n = 1.3%) | (viii) NA |
| (ix) Oral isotretinoin (n = 1.3%) | (ix) NA |
| (x) Finasteride (or dutasteride) (n = 2.6%) | (x) NA |
|
| Georgala et al. [38]/prospective uncontrolled study | 13 (f)/61 y | FFA (yes)/2–9 y | (i) Oral dutasteride | (i) 0.5 mg/day | 12 m | Stabilization or reduction of the hairline recession | Stabilized (complete arrest of the FFA progression in 6 pts (46.1%), partial hair regrowth in 2 pts (15.3%), decreasing hair loss in 5 others) (significant eyebrow regrowth in 5 pts (71.4%), others remained stable) | 18 m |
|
| Moreno et al. [39]/retrospective analysis | 106 (f)/61.4 y | FFA (yes)/18 m | (i) Oral dutasteride (n = 106) | (i) 0.5 mg 3 times a week | 12 m | Improvement of hairline recession | (i) Worsened (stabilization was reported in 37.3% of the patients) | 12 m |
| (ii) Topical clobetasol 17-propionate foam (n = 106) | (ii) 0.05% twice weekly |
|
| Galván et al. [1]/retrospective analysis | 335 (f: 343, m: 12)/61 y | FFA (yes)/5.3 y | (i) Dutasteride (n = 18) | (i) 0.5 mg weekly | NA | Improvement of hairline recession | (i) Improved (n = 8.44%)/Stabilized (n = 10.56%) | 2.1 y |
| (ii) Finasteride (n = 98) | (ii) 2.5–5 mg daily | (ii) Improved (n = 48.47%)/Stabilized (n = 50.53%) |
| (iii) HCQ (n = 52) | (iii) 200–400 mg daily | (iii) Improved (n = 8.15%)/stabilized (n = 32.59%)/worsened (n = 12.22%) |
| (iv) Intralesional corticosteroids (n = 114) | (iv) Every 3–6 months | (iv) Improved (n = 44.34%)/stabilized (n = 64.49%)/worsened (n = 6.5%) |
| (v) Topical corticosteroids and topical minoxidil | (v) NA |
|
| Ladizinski et al. [40]/retrospective analysis | 19 (f)/NA | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Dutasteride (n = 10) | (i) 0.5 mg daily for 2 weeks then 0.5 mg weekly | 23 m | Stabilization of hair loss | (i) Stabilized (n = 7.70%) | 2 y |
| (ii) Finasteride (n = 3) | (ii) 1–2.5 mg daily | (ii) Stabilized (n = 1.33%) |
| (iii) Methotrexate (n = 3) | (iii) 15–25 mg weekly | (iii) Stabilized (n = 1.50%) |
| (iv) HCQ 400 mg daily ± topical tacrolimus or class I corticosteroids (n = 2) | (iv) As mentioned | (iv) Stabilized (n = 1.33%) |
| (v) Minocycline + topical tacrolimus (n = 2) | (v) NA | (v) Stabilized (n = 1.50%) |
| (vi) Imiquimod + topical corticosteroid class I (n = 2) | (vi) NA | (vi) Stabilized (n = 1.50%) |
|
| Donovan et al. [41]/retrospective review | 11 (f)/50.63 y | FFA (yes)/3 y | (i) ITAIs (n = 11) | (i) Triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg/ml (0.125 mL per eyebrow) | 3–72 m | Regrowth of eyebrows | Improved (n = 10, 90.9%) | 1–5 y |
| (ii) HCQ (n = 11) | (ii) 200 mg BD | (Significant eyebrow regrowth was seen) |
|
| Samrao et al. [42]/retrospective review | 36 (f: 35, m: 1)/60 y | FFA (yes)/1 y | (i) HCQ (n = 15) | NA | (i) 12 m | Decreasing the LPPAI (lichen planopilaris activity index) score | (i) Improved (n = 11, 68.8%) | 12 m |
| (ii) Doxycycline (n = 4) | (ii) 18 m | (ii) Improved (n = 2.50%) |
| (iii) Mycophenolate mofetil (n = 5) | (iii) 6 m | (iii) Improved (n = 3.60%) |
|
| Chiang et al. [43]/retrospective review | 7 (NA)/62 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) HCQ | (i) 200 mg BD | 12 m | Decreasing the LPPAI score | (i) Improved (n = 6, 88%) | 1 y< |
|
| Tosti et al. [44]/retrospective review | 11 (f)/62 y | FFA (yes)/5 y | (i) Finasteride 2.5 mg daily + topical minoxidil 2% BD (n = 8) | As mentioned | 18 m | Disease stabilization | (i) Stabilized (n = 4) | 12–30 m |
| (ii) Intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg every 3 weeks + topical minoxidil 2% BD (n = 3) | (ii) Worsened |
|
| Moreno and Camacho Martinez [45]/retrospective review | 15 (f)/45–79 y | FFA (yes)/2.5 y | (i) Finasteride (n = 7) | (i) 2.5 mg daily | NA | Stabilizatig the disease progression and increasing hair density | Improved (antiandrogenic drugs were more likely associated with increasing the hair density) | 1–3.5 y |
| (ii) Topical minoxidil 5% (n = 7) | (ii) BD |
| (iii) ITAIs (n = 15) | (iii) Triamcinolone acetonide 20 mg/mL (1 mg/2 cm2 with 1/10 dilution) every 3 months |
|
| Kossard et al. [3]/retrospective review | 16 (f)/66.8 y | FFA (yes)/1–10 y | (i) Oral corticosteroids (prednisone) (n = 4) | (i) 50 mg/day | (i) 1 m | Slowing down the hair loss | Worsened (medications had no effect on hair loss of progressive FFA patients) | 2–5 y |
| (ii) Chloroquine phosphate (n = 3) | (ii) 150 mg/day | (ii) 3–9 m |
| (iii) Oral isotretinoin (n = 1) | (iii) 50 mg/day | (iii) 2 m |
| (iv) Ultramicronized griseofulvin (n = 1) | (iv) 330 mg/day | (iv) 1 m |
| (v) Topical moderately potent corticosteroids (n = 9) | (v) NA | (v) NA |
| (vi) Topical retinoic acid (n = 2) | (vi) NA | (vi) NA |
| (vii) Topical minoxidil 2% (n = 2) | (vii) NA | (vii) NA |
| (viii) Intralesional corticosteroids (n = 1) | (viii) NA | (viii) NA |
| (ix) Hormone replacement therapy (n = 8) | (ix) NA | (ix) NA |
|
| Tan and Messenger [46]/retrospective review | 18 (f)/55.5 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) ITAIs (n = 12) | (i) Triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg/mL | NA | Progression of frontotemporal hairline recession | (i) Improved (n = 8) | 3 m–15 y |
| (ii) Topical tacrolimus 0.1% (n = 5) | (ii) NA | (ii) NA |
| (iii) HCQ (n = 3) | (iii) NA | (iii) Improved (n = 1) |
| (iv) Clobetasol | (iv) NA | (iv) Improved |
| (v) Topical minoxidil | (v) NA | (v) Improved |
|
| Katoulis et al. [47]/case report | 1 (f)/55 y | FFA (yes)/1 y | (i) Oral dutasteride | (i) 0.5 mg daily | 6 m | Eyebrows and frontoparietal hair regrowth | Improved (significant hair regrowth was seen) | 6 m |
| (ii) Pimecrolimus 1% cream | (ii) BD |
|
| Donovan [48]/case report | 1 (f)/51 y | FFA (yes)/9 y | (i) Oral finasteride | (i) 2.5 mg daily | 1 y | Frontotemporal hair regrowth and decreasing erythema and skin atrophy | Improved | 1 y |
|
| Faulkner et al. [4]/case report | 1 (f)/45 y | FFA (yes)/18 m | (i) Topical fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% | (i) BD | 12 m | Improvement of skin lesions and hair loss | Improved | 1 y |
| (ii) Topical clobetasol proprionate 0.05% cream | (ii) BD (on the face) |
|
| Pérez-Rodríguez et al. [49]/case report | 1 (f)/57 y | FFA (yes)/3 y | (i) Oral dutasteride | (i) 0.5 mg daily | (i) 8 m | Improvement of erythema and hair regrowth | Improved | 13 m |
| (ii) Topical pimecrolimus 1% | (ii) BD | (ii) 3 m |
|
| Contin et al. [50]/case series | 4 (f)/60.5 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) HCQ | (i) NA | 4.5 y | Disease activity level | (i) Worsened (n = 4) | NA |
|
| Dlova et al. [51]/retrospective review | 20 (f: 19, m: 1)/42 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) HCQ | (i) 200 mg BD | 6–12 m | Frontotemporal hair regrowth | Worsened (disease stabilization was achieved in only 5 pts) | 2 y |
| (ii) Topical medications (clobetasol diproprionate, tacrolimus 0.1%, minoxidil 2%) | (ii) NA |
|
| Cranwell and Sinclair [52]/case report | 1 (f)/46 y | FFA (yes)/10 m | (i) HCQ | (i) 400 mg daily | (i) 15 y | Hair loss stabilization | (i) Worsened | 3 y |
| (ii) Methotrexate | (ii) 20 mg | (ii) 5 y | (ii) Worsened |
| (iii) ITAIs | (iii) Triamcinolone 5 mg/mL (mixed with lignocaine 1%), (repeated every 6 weeks) | (iii) 4 sessions | (iii) Worsened |
| (iv) Dutasteride | (iv) 0.1 mg daily | (iv) NA | (iv) Improved |
| (v) Oral minoxidil | (v) 1 mg daily | (v) NA | (v) Improved |
|
| Gerkowicz et al. [53]/clinical trial | 16 (f)/65 y | FFA (yes)/6 y | (i) LEDs (light-emitting diodes) (for eyebrow area) | (i) Once a week (for 10 sessions) (dose per session: 37 J/cm2, light power density: 68 mW/cm2. The distance from the eyebrow was 15 cm. Each session lasted 9 min and 4 s) | — | Regrowth of eyebrow hair | Improved (significant increase of total eyebrow hair count) | 6 m |
|
| Subash et al. [54]/clinical trial | 5 (f)/54 y | FFA (yes)/6 m< | (i) 1064 nm wavelength Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) nonablative laser | (i) 3 laser treatments (once monthly) at 14 J/cm2, spot size 5 mm, pulse duration 3 ms at 7 Hz for 7000 to 8000 pulses (30 minutes each), 2 cm distance | — | Improvement of disease symptoms | Improved | NA |
| Using a nonablative, noncontact 1064 nm laser |
|
| Liu et al. [55]/case report | 1 (f)/44 y | FFA (yes)/3 y | (i) HCQ | (i) 400 mg/day | 1.5 m | Improvement of disease symptoms and growth and survival of transplanted hair follicles | Improved (significant hair growth during 4 years of f/u) | 4 y |
| (ii) Topical fluocinonide 0.05% cream | (ii) NA |
| (iii) Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment | (iii) NA |
| (iv) Hair transplantation (follicular unit extraction method) at the fronto-temporal hairline | (iv) 360 follicular units (FU; 630 hairs) (after 2 years of disease stabilization) |
|
| Trüeb et al. [56]/case report | 1 (f)/57 y | FFA (yes)/9 y | (i) Topical pimecrolimus 1% b.i.d | NA | — | Improvement of disease symptoms and growth and survival of transplanted hair follicles | Improved (significant hair growth at 2nd year of f/u) | 2 y |
| (ii) Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide |
| (iii) Autologous hair transplantation (follicular unit extraction method) at the frontal hairline |
|
| Audickaite et al. [57]/case series | 10 (f: 9, m: 1)/28–58 y | FFA (yes)/2–10 y | (i) Hair transplantation (follicular unit extraction method or strip technique) at the eyebrow area | (i) 120 to 270 single hair follicles per eyebrow | — | Growth and survival of transplanted hair follicles | Worsened (8 pts achieved significant hair growth at year 1&2 of f/u; however, 3 of 4 pts with 4 years of f/u began to lose the transplanted hair follicles) | 4 y |
|
| Vañó-Galván et al. [58]/retrospective review | 51 (f: 48, m: 3)/54 y | FFA (yes)/NA | (i) Hair transplantation (follicular unit extraction method: n = 7, strip technique: n = 44) at the frontal hairline (n = 22), temporal hairline (n = 30) and eyebrow area (n = 15) | (i) 1345 single hair follicles per surgical procedure (after 15 months of disease stabilization) | — | Growth and survival of transplanted hair follicles | Worsened (mean rate of survived transplanted follicles at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years of f/u was 87%, 71%, 60%, and 41%, respectively) | 3.2 y |
|
| Jiménez and Poblet [59]/case series | 3 (f)/70 y | FFA (yes)/10.6 y | (i) Hair transplantation | (i) 20 to 80 single hair follicles per surgical procedure (after disease stabilization) | — | Growth and survival of transplanted hair follicles | Worsened (1 year after transplantation, significant hair growth was seen (90%<), but in the 4th year of f/u, less than 30% of transplanted hair follicles survived) | 4.7 y |
|
