Research Article

Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Heparin-Induced Bullous Hemorrhagic Dermatosis

Table 1

Basic characteristics of 72 patients with HBHD.

Parametersā€‰Result

AgeYears71.5 (21.94)b

SexFemale21 (29.2%)
Male51 (70.8%)

CountrySpain23 (31.9%)
USA20 (27.8%)
France8 (11.1%)
Turkey5 (6.9%)
Austria4 (5.6%)
India4 (5.6%)
Indonesia, Korea, Portugal, Brazil, Qatar, Tunisia, Canada, China1 (1.4%)

Medical historyIschemic heart disease23 (31.9%)
Atrial fibrillation15 (20.8%)
Cancer15 (20.8%)
Pulmonary thromboembolism13 (18.1%)
Hypertension11 (15.3%)
Deep vein thrombosis10 (13.9%)
CHF, DM, COPD6 (8.3%)
Hypercholesterolemia, craniocerebral tumor4 (5.6%)
Aortic valve replacement3 (4.2%)
Hypothyroidism, obesity, ESRD, amyloidosis, HIV, cardiomyopathy, ischemic stroke, SVCS hepatitis B/C, chylothorax, lepromatous leprosy, UC, BPH, GCA, KT, SHPT, PH, PAH, bullous pemphigoid, pericarditis, atrial thrombus, occlusion of retinal arteries2 (2.8%)
1 (1.4%)

Concurrent medications (37)aAntiplatelet drugs/anticoagulant drug28 (38.9%)
Statins7 (9.7%)
Steroids, nitrate esters, ACEI5 (6.9%)
Diuretic, amiodarone, hypoglycemic drugs4 (5.6%)
PPI, beta receptor blocker3 (4.2%)
Diltiazem, paracetamol, codeine2 (2.8%)
Levetiracetam, eplerenone, mexiletine, metolazone, daratumumab, trimetazidine, escitalopram, ceftazidime, etizolam, levocarnitine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, efavirenz, buflomedil, tamsolusin, voriconazole, calcitonin, hydralazine, levothyroxine, venlafaxine, escitalopram, thyroxin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid1 (1.4%)

IndicationTreatment48 (66.7%)
Prevention24 (24.3%)

ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AT, atrial thrombus; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GCA, giant cell arteritis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; KT, kidney transplantation; SHPT, secondary hyperparathyroidism; PH, portal hypertension; PAH, pulmonary artery hypertension; SVCS, superior vena cava syndrome; UC, ulcerative colitis. aRepresents the number of patients out of the 72 who had information available for this particular parameter. bMedian (minimum-maximum).