Melastoma malabathricum (L.) Smith Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Properties: A Review

Table 3

(a) Phytochemical screening of various parts of M. malabathricum. (b) Chemical constituents of M. malabathricum according to its part and types of extract used.

(a)

Class of compounds	Presence (+) or absence (−)	Plant part	Reference(s)
Flavonoids	+	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]; Simanjuntak [57]
		Aerial	Lohézic-Le Dévéhat et al. [32]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Flavan-3-ols	+	Aerial	Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
Triterpenes	+	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]; Simanjuntak [57]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Tannins	+	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]; Simanjuntak [57]
	+	Aerial	Lohézic-Le Dévéhat et al. [32]; Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Anthocyanins	+	Aerial	Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
Saponins	+	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]; Simanjuntak [57]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Alkaloids	−	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]
Steroids	+	Leaves	Zakaria et al. [30]; Simanjuntak [57]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Glycosides	+	Leaves	Simanjuntak [57]
	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]
Phenolics	+	Leaves and roots	Faravani [58]

(b)

Name of compound	Structure	Plant part	Types of extract	Reference
Ellagic acid^A		Barks	Methanol extract	Lowry [41]
		Flowers	Ethyl acetate-soluble part of a 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
Cyanidin-3-glucoside^A		Fruits	Water extract	Lowry [41]
Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside^B
Malvidin-3,5-diglucoside^A		Flower	Aqueous extract	Lowry [42]
β-Sitosterol^A		Roots	Ethanol extract	Manzoor-I-Khuda et al. [43]
		Aerials	Hexane part of the methanolic extract	Pongprom et al. [50]
		Leaves (hexane fraction of methanolic extract)		Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extract	Ali et al. [52]
β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside^E		Leaves	Hexane fraction of methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extracts	Ali et al. [52]
Ursolic acid^A		Leaves and flowers	Methanol extract	Das and Kotoky [46]
		Aerials	Hexane part of the methanolic extract	Pongprom et al. [50]
		Leaves	Methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extract	Ali et al. [52]
		Leaves	Methanol extract	Faravani [58]
2-Hydroxyursolic acid^A		Leaves	Methanolic extract)	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extract	Ali et al. [52]
Asiatic acid^A		Leaves	Methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extract	Ali et al. [52]
Stearic acid^A		Aerials	Hexane part of the methanolic extract	Pongprom et al. [50]
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid^A		Leaves and flowers	Methanol extract	Das and Kotoky [46]
Gallic acid^A		Leaves and flowers	Methanol extract	Das and Kotoky [46]
		Leaves and flowers	Methanol extract	Faravani [58]
Kaempferol^A		Leaves and flowers	Methanol extract	Das and Kotoky [46]
		Flowers	Ethyl acetate soluble part of a 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
		Leaves	n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts	Koay [23]
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside^A		Flowers	Ethyl acetate extract	Koay [23]
		Flowers	Methanol extract	Koay [23]
Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside^A		Flowers	Ethyl acetate-soluble part of an 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside^A		Flowers	Ethyl acetate soluble part of an 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
Kaempferol-3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-O-p-trans-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside^C		Flowers	Methanol extract	Koay [23]
		Leaves	Methanol extract	Susanti et al. [56]
1,4,6-Tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoside		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoside		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Malabathrin B^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Malabathrin C^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Malabathrin D^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Strictinin^A		Leaves	70% acetone eract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Casuarictin^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Pedunculagin^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Pterocarinin C^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Nobotanin B^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Nobotanin D^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Nobotanins G^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Nobotanins H^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Nobotanin J^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Malabathrins A^E		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Malabathrin E^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Malabathrins F^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Casuarinin^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
(-)-Epicatechin gallate^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
(-)-Epicatechin^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Stachyurin^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Procyanidin B5^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Procyanidin B2^A		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Stenophyllanin A^C		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Stenophyllanin B^D		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Alienanin B^E		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
Brevifolincarboxylic acid^E		Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [49]
α-Amyrin^A		Leaves	Hexane fraction of methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Stems	n-Hexane extract	Koay [23]
		Leaves	n-Hexane extract	Susanti et al. [56]
Uvaol^A		Leaves	n-Hexane fraction of methanolic extrac	Nurestri et al. [51]
Quercetin^A		Leaves	Hexane fraction of methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Flowers	Ethyl acetate soluble part of a 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong [53]; Ali et al. [52]
		Leaves	Methanol extract	Nazlina et al. [55]
		Leaves	Ethyl acetate extract	Susanti et al. [56]
Quercitrin^A		Leaves	Hexane fraction of methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	Methanol extract	Nazlina et al. [55]
		Leaves	Ethyl acetate extract	Susanti et al. [56]
		Leaves	Methanol extract
Rutin^A		Leaves	Hexane fraction of methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
		Leaves	Methanol extract	Nazlina et al. [55]
Betulinic acid^A		Roots	n-Hexane extract	Koay [23]
		Fruits	Ethyl acetate extract	Koay [23]
Naringenin^A		Flowers	Ethyl acetate extract	Koay [23]
Patriscabratine^A		Leaves	n-Hexane extract	Susanti et al. [56]
Auranamide^D		Leaves	n-Hexane extract	Susanti et al. [56]
1-Octyl decanoate A		NA	NA	Dinda and Saha [45, 47]
Hexacosanoic acid		Leaves and roots	Methanol extract	Faravani [58]
Melastomic acid	NA	Roots	Ethanol extract	Manzoor-I-Khuda et al. [43]
11-Methyl-1-triacontanol	NA	Leaves and flowers	NA	Das and Kotoky [46]
32-Methyl-1-triacontanol	NA	Leaves and flowers	NA	Das and Kotoky [46]
Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-α-D-galactoside	NA	Aerial	NA	Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
4′-Methylpeonidin-7-O-β-D-glucoside	NA	Aerial	NA	Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-xyloside	NA	Aerial	NA	Dinda and Saha [47]; Mohandoss and Ravindran [35]
Isoquercitrin 6′′-O-gallate	NA	Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Isoquercitrin 6′′-O-gallate	NA	Leaves	70% acetone extract	Yoshida et al. [48]
Glycerol-1,2-dilinolenyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Leaves	Methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
Glycerol 1,2-dilinolenyl- 3-O-(4,6-di-O-isopropylidene)-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Leaves	Methanolic extract	Nurestri et al. [51]
Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Flowers	Ethyl acetate soluble part of a 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
Kaempferol 3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-O-E-p-coumaryl)-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Flowers	Ethyl acetate soluble part of a 90% aqueous methanolic extract	Wong et al. [53]; Ali et al. [52]
2,5,6-Trihydroxynaphtoic carbonic acid	NA	Leaves	n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts	Koay [23]
Methyl-2,5,6-trihydroxynaphtalene carbonate	NA	Leaves	n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts	Koay [23]
Flavonol glycoside derivative	NA	Leaves	n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts	Koay [23]
Serrat-14-en-16-one	NA	Roots	n-Hexane extract	Koay [23]
2-(2′-Hydroxyvinyl)-1-methyl-4-propoxyphthalate	NA	Roots	n-Hexane extract	Koay [23]
Glycerol 1,2-dilinolenyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extracts	Ali et al. [52]
Glycerol 1,2-dilinolenyl-3-O-(4,6-O-isopropylidene)-β-D-galactopyranoside	NA	Leaves	90% aqueous methanolic extracts	Ali et al. [52]

^AChemical structure adopted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
^BChemical structure adopted from http://www.polyphenols.com/.
^C Chemical structure adopted from http://www.wikipedia.com/.
^DChemical structure adopted from http://www.guidechem.com/.
^EChemical structure adopted from the respective reference.