Bioguided Fractionation Shows Cassia alata Extract to Inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Growth and Biofilm Formation

Table 3

Induction of his+ revertants in S. typhimurium strains by CaRP with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix).

S. typhimuriumstrains
Substance	Concentration (μg/plate)	TA98		TA97a		TA100		TA1535		TA102
		Rev/plate^a	MI^b	Rev/plate^a	MI^b	Rev/plate^a	MI^b	Rev/plate^a	MI^b	Rev/plate^a	MI^b
Without metabolic activation (−S9)
NC^c	—	15.3±1.5	—	86.3±15.8	—	123.0±13.1	—	8.3±3.2	—	258.0±40.1	—
CaRP	1000	24.3±4.7	1.59	103.0±20.2	1.19	137.0±19.0	1.11	7.6±2.0	0.92	237.0±15.5	0.92
	2000	25.0±2.6 *	1.63	88.0±11.7	1.02	123.7±13.2	1.01	20.3±12.8	1.44	260.0±9.5	1.01
	3000	28.0±9.6	1.83	117.6±31.0	1.36	127.0±8.6	1.03	12.0±4.2	1.44	249.6±12.4	0.97
	4000	29.6±0.5 **	1.94	126.6±21.3	1.47	125.7±21.3	1.02	9.3±2.5	1.12	253.3±23.5	0.98
	5000	42.3±3.0 **	2.76	111.0±5.5	1.29	141.0±6.1	1.15	14.3±2.5	1.72	297.6±11.5	1.15
PC^d	0.5 (4NQO); 1 (NaN3)	156.3±3.8 **	10.2	492.0±62.9 **	5.7	469.7±67.3 **	3.82	401.3±26.8 **	48.2	1485.7±186.2 **	5.76
With metabolic activation (+S9)
NC^c	—	58.3±8.0	—	106.6±6.8	—	119.0±15.9	—	10.6±3.5	—	325.6±8.3	—
CaRP	1000	68.0±9.5	1.17	109.3±7.5	1.02	115.0±9.5	0.97	12.3±4.6	1.15	318.6±15.9	0.98
	2000	71.3±1.5	1.22	130.3±17.0	1.22	110.0±7.2	0.92	9.0±2.6	0.84	384.6±21.2 *	1.18
	3000	68.3±5.5	1.17	136.0±12.1	1.28	120.0±1.7	1.01	13.0±5.0	1.22	335.6±25.7	1.03
	4000	60.6±8.5	1.04	131.6±9.2 *	1.24	121.0±10.4	1.02	10.3±3.0	0.97	394.0±23.0 *	1.21
	5000	64.0±7.5	1.10	132.6±11.0	1.24	149.3±21.2	1.25	13.0±3.6	1.22	338.6±28.5	1.04
PC^d	1 (AFB1)	393.3±98.2 **	6.74	466.7±32.3 **	4.38	362.7±136.6 **	3.05	172.0±57.2 **	16.12	854.7±134.6 **	2.62

^aNumber of revertants/plate: mean of three independent experiments ± SD; ^bMI: mutagenic index (no. of his+ induced in the sample/no. of spontaneous his+ in the negative control); ^cPC: positive control (−S9) sodium azide to TA100 and TA1535; 4-NQO to TA97a, TA98 and TA102; (+S9) aflatoxin B1 for all strains; ^dNC: negative control distillated water (10 μL) used as a solvent for the extract. *Data significant in relation to the negative control 𝑃<0.05; **𝑃<0.01.