Tai-Chi for Residential Patients with Schizophrenia on Movement Coordination, Negative Symptoms, and Functioning: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Socio-demographical, clinical characteristics and assessment outcomes at baseline.

Variables	Tai-chi; Mean (SD)	Waitlist Control; Mean (SD)	𝑃^∗
Age	51.87 (10.85)	53.47 (8.63)	0.69
Gender			0.03*
Male	9	3
Female	6	12
Education level			0.47
No formal education	3	4
Primary	3	7
Lower secondary (Grades 7–9)	3	2
Upper secondary (Grades 10–11)	4	2
After secondary or above	1	0
Missing	1	0
Marital status			0.94
Single	10	9
Married	1	2
Divorced/Separated	3	3
Widowed	1	1
Employment			0.52
Full time employment	0	1
Unemployed	4	9
Retired	11	5
Years of diagnosis	29.47 (14.86)	26.2 (10.09)	0.33
Length of stay at residencies (years)	12.87 (14.82)	10.73 (9.87)	0.45
Chlorpromazine equivalent (mg)	391.07 (472.25)	365.12 (221.92)	0.85
Assessment outcomes	Tai-chi	Waitlist Control	𝑃^∗
Movement Coordination (CMDT)
Placing	82.17 (9.75)	98.29 (28.2)	0.12
Turning	76.73 (14.51)	101.04 (40.89)	0.10
Displacing	60.6 (10.13)	76.07 (26.61)	0.11
One-Hand Turning/Placing	102.37 (17)	124.82 (45.95)	0.17
Two-Hand Turning/Placing	65.53 (10.74)	89.96 (43)	0.16
Negative symptoms (SANS)
Attention	4.27 (3.39)	5.6 (3.81)	0.21
Anhedonia-asociality	4.53 (4.29)	4.4 (4.6)	0.80
Avolition-apathy	1.67 (2.82)	2.27 (3.37)	0.79
Alogia	4.4 (4.97)	4.8 (5.17)	0.83
Affective flattening or blunting	8.2 (7.98)	8.67 (7.76)	0.68
Functioning disabilities (WHODAS II**)
Cognition	12.2 (3.45)	11.33 (5.34)	0.31
Mobility	7.53 (2.39)	7.6 (2.87)	0.93
Self-care	3.4 (0.83)	3.2 (0.41)	0.61
Interpersonal interactions	7.47 (4.16)	5.27 (2.25)	0.08
Life activities	11 (3.61)	9.4 (1.76)	0.15
Community participation	17 (5.84)	14.73 (5.87)	0.38