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| Qualitative studies | Quantitative studies |
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| (1) Are the aims clearly stated? | (1) Target population: clear inclusion and exclusion criteria? |
| (2) Is a qualitative methodology appropriate? | (2) Was probability sampling used? |
| (3) Was the research design appropriate to the research aims? | (3) Did respondents’ characteristics match the target population; that is, was the response rate ≥80%? |
| (4) Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the research aims? | (4) Were data collection methods standardised? |
| (5) Were data collected in a way that addressed the research issue? | (5) Was the measure used valid? |
| (6) Has the researcher-participant relationship been adequately considered? | (6) Was the measure used reliable? |
| (7) Have ethical issues been considered? | (7) Have ethical issues been considered? |
| (8) Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous? | (8) Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous? |
| (9) Is there a clear statement of findings? | (9) Is there a clear statement of findings? |
| (10) How valuable is the research? | (10) How valuable is the research? |
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