Honey: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Managing Diabetic Wounds

Table 2

The effectiveness of honey against microorganisms that are usually found in diabetic wounds.

Microorganisms found in diabetic wounds and references	Microorganisms found to have sensitivity to honey	Honey origin and type with reference
Gram-positive aerobes
Staphylococcus species [14, 145–153], including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis	Staphylococcus aureus	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		New Zealand, Pasture and Manuka honey [60]
		United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155]
		Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156]
		USA, commercial honey [157]
	MRSA ATCC 43300,; MRSA 00791 and 28965	Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158]
	Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	Australia, Medihoney [159]
-Hemolytic streptococci [145, 146, 148, 151, 152], including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae	Streptococcus pyogenes	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155]
Bacillus species [145]	Bacillus cereus,; Bacillus subtilis	India, raw local honey [160]
Corynebacterium sp. [14]	Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis	Egypt, various monofloral honeys [161]
Gram-negative aerobes
Escherichia coli [146–150]	Escherichia coli	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155]
		India, raw and processed local honey [160]
		Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158]
		Australia, Medihoney [159]
		Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156]
Proteus species [14, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, 162]	Proteus mirabilis (indole positive)	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
Klebsiella species [146, 162]	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		Australia, Medihoney [159]
		Turkey; Anzer, Bayburt and Chest nut honey [163]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa [14, 148–150, 153, 162]	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Ethiopia, Raw honey [164]
		India, raw and processed local honey [160]
		Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158]
		India, local marketed honey [165]
		Australia, Medihoney [159]
		Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156]
Anaerobes
Bacteroides species [14, 146–148, 153]	Bacteroides fragilis	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
Clostridium species [146, 147]	Clostridium welchii, Clostridium tetani	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
Peptostreptococcus species [146, 148]	Peptostreptococcus	Thailand, commercial honey [108]
Enterococci [14, 147, 148]	Enterococcus faecalis	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		Australia, Medihoney [159]
Prevotella species [148]	Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens	Brazil, propolis [166]
Porphyromonas species [148]	Porphyromonas gingivalis	New Zealand, Manuka honey [167]
Fungus
Candida tropicalis [149, 150]	Candida tropicalis	Iran, local honey [168]
Candida albicans [150]	Candida albicans	Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154]
		United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155]
		Iran, local honey [168]