Cognitive Enhancing and Neuroprotective Effect of the Embryo of the Nelumbo nucifera Seed

Figure 5

(a) The neuroprotective effect of ENS (10 and 100 μg/mL) on glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells. After treatment with the ENS (10 and 100 μg/mL), trolox (50 μg/mL, positive control), and glutamate (2 mM), the optical density of the cell viability was measured at 570 nm and expressed as a relative protection to control cells. (b) Effect of ENS (10 and 100 μg/mL) on ROS production. After treatment with the ENS (10 and 100 μg/mL), trolox (50 μg/mL, positive control), and glutamate (2 mM), cells were incubated with 10 μM DCF-DA. ROS formation was measured at an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and emission wavelength of 525 nm. (c) Effect of ENS (10 and 100 μg/mL) on Ca²⁺ influx in HT22 cells. Cells were treated with ENS (1, 10, and 100 μg/mL) with 2 μM Fura-AM. After 20 min, fluorescence was measured at an excitation wavelength of 380 nm with fixed emission at 510 nm. Data represent means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. ( versus the control group; , , and versus the glutamate treated group).

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