In Vivo and In Vitro Metabolites from the Main Diester and Monoester Diterpenoid Alkaloids in a Traditional Chinese Herb, the Aconitum Species
Table 6
A comparison of DDA and MDA metabolites in different metabolic procedures.
Alkaloids
Stomach
Intestine
Liver (CYP450s, phase I metabolism)
DDAs
Ester hydrolysis
Ester hydrolysis commonly occurs at C-8
Ester hydrolysis commonly occurs at C-8
Hydroxylation at 2′/3′/4′ of the benzoyl group
Hydroxylation at C-10
Hydroxylation at C-2
Deoxylation at C-3/15
Deoxylation at C-3/15
Deoxylation at C-3/15
Demethylation at the methoxy group
Demethylation at the methoxy group, often at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group
Demethylation at the methoxy group, often at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group
Didemethylation at the methoxy group or deethylation at the N-ethyl group
NAa
Didemethylation at the methoxy group or deethylation at the N-ethyl group
NA
Deacetoxylation (pyrolysis)
Deacetoxylation (pyrolysis)
NA
NA
Dehydrogenation at C-3/15
NA
NA
Demethylation at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group with dehydrogenation at C-3/15; demethylation with dehydrogenation at the same methoxyl group, O remained as a carbonyl group.
NA
Demethylation and deoxylation
NA
Lipoalkaloids via ester exchange at C-8 with long chain fatty acids.
Lipoalkaloids via ester exchange at C-8 with short/long chain fatty acids.
