Partially Automated Method for Localizing Standardized Acupuncture Points on the Heads of Digital Human Models

Figure 3

The baselines or planes for the head are determined by using four landmarks: Yintang and GV17 (the red line, the median plane) and TE20 and TOP (the green line, the frontal plane). A transverse plane (the blue line) is determined by using a plane orthogonal to the imaginary line connecting the center of the left and the right TE20 points to the TOP. The four landmarks can be positioned by using their anatomical descriptions on the skin and the skeleton. Yintang is the point between the eyebrow, and TOP is the highest point of the head. The acupoint GV17 is in the depression superior to the external occipital protuberance, and the acupoint TE20 is just superior to the auricular apex on both the left and the right sides.