Anti-Inflammatory and Antiosteoarthritis Effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata ethanol Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Figure 2

Effects of SDE on the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with SDE (0, 200, or 400 μg/mL) plus LPS (1 μg/mL) or LPS alone for 24 h. (a) NO production was measured using the Griess reagent. (b–d) Production of PGE₂, TNF-α, and IL-6 was measured by ELISA. Values are expressed as the means ± SD (). versus untreated LPS and SDE; , , and versus LPS alone.

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