Immunomodulatory Efficacy of Standardized Annona muricata (Graviola) Leaf Extract via Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Figure 4

Regulation of expression of cytokines and iNOS by GE. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with the steam (a) or 50% ethanol (b) GE at various concentrations for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted and the expression was measured by real-time PCR. The data were expressed as mean ± SEM. p < 0.05 versus vehicle-treated control. p < 0.05 versus GE-treated group. ND, not detected.

(a)

(b)