Morphine Antidependence of Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz in Neurotransmission Processes In Vitro

Figure 4

Expression of VAMP 2 observed in pre- and cotreatments of morphine. The bar chart shows the expression of VAMP 2 as expressed in percentage over control for pre- and cotreatments of morphine. The cell treated with morphine showed downregulation of VAMP 2 significant to control (). The expression of VAMP 2 was elevated by the methadone and E. cuneatum observed in pre- and cotreatments of morphine. The upregulation of VAMP 2 by those compounds was significant as compared to morphine () in pretreatment of morphine while comparable to control. As for cotreatment of morphine, the suppressed level of VAMP 2 prior to morphine was insignificant to the upregulation of the protein by the methadone and E. cuneatum. Three independent experiments were carried out and the data represent the mean percentage of over control ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. versus control. (EC: E. cuneatum; 0.1 = 0.1 μg/mL; 0.5 = 0.5 μg/mL; 1.0 = 1.0 μg/mL.)