Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Dietary Supplement Use among Adults with Fibromyalgia: United States, 2007–2012
Table 2
Medical care/health characteristics of 2007 and 2012 national US samples, stratified by NVNM use in the past 12 months, National Health Interview Survey.
Characteristic
2007 ( = 20,127)
2012 ( = 30,672)
Overall
NVNM use
NVNM Use
Yes
95% CI
Weighted population estimate
No
Yes
95% CI
Weighted population estimate
No
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Insurance status
Uninsured
505 (13.4)
(12.4, 14.5)
2185136
2999 (16.2)
<0.0001
790 (13.0)
(12.0, 13.9)
2168607
4705 (16.5)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Medicaid
155 (4.0)
(3.3, 4.6)
645744
1510 (7.6)
<0.0001
287 (4.4)
(5.2, 10.5)
735478
2736 (9.3)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Medicare
786 (21.6)
(20.0, 23.2)
3519561
3466 (21.7)
0.623
1277 (23.3)
(21.8, 24.8)
3892141
5922 (23.9)
0.451
<0.0001
Disability
63 (2.0)
(1.3, 2.7)
321398
165 (0.96)
<0.0001
111 (2.1)
(1.7, 2.5)
346117
258 (1.1)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Private insurance
2537 (72.6)
(70.9, 74.3)
11813273
10211 (65.3)
<0.0001
3736 (70.2)
(68.7, 71.8)
11739270
14238 (60.2)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Out of pocket costs, annual
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
None
286 (7.8)
(6.8, 8.8)
1272433
2155 (11.7)
483 (8.1)
(7.3, 9.0)
1358939
3811 (13.9)
<$500
1249 (35.0)
(33.3, 36.8)
5700791
6719 (39.6)
1780 (31.3)
(29.7, 32.9)
5230362
9593 (37.3)
$500–$1999
1236 (34.1)
(32.4, 35.8)
5549126
4755 (29.5)
1809 (33.8)
(32.4, 35.1)
5641914
6938 (28.3)
$2000–$2999
333 (9.3)
(8.3, 10.3)
1512573
1151 (7.7)
554 (10.3)
(9.3, 11.3)
1717635
2025 (8.7)
$3000–$4999
217 (6.2)
(5.3, 7.1)
1008834
691 (4.5)
420 (8.3)
(7.5, 9.1)
1391128
1237 (5.1)
$5000+
222 (6.4)
(5.6, 7.2)
1039327
635 (4.1)
396 (7.3)
(6.5, 8.1)
1219938
1180 (5.1)
Do not know
39 (1.2)
(0.74, 1.6)
187888
439 (2.9)
48 (0.9)
(0.63, 1.2)
153088
398 (1.6)
Delayed care because they could not afford/worried about cost
621 (17.6)
(16.2, 19.0)
2867318
1947 (12.0)
<0.0001
964 (16.7)
(15.6, 17.9)
2794500
3478 (13.2)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Perceived health status
0.001
0.001
<0.0001
Excellent/very good/good
3133 (87.7)
(86.6, 88.9)
14272846
14162 (86.3)
4849 (89.7)
(88.8, 90.6)
14987051
21383 (86.2)
Fair
363 (10.0)
(9.0, 11.1)
1632026
1781 (10.1)
505 (8.1)
(7.3, 8.9)
1347889
2942 (10.7)
Poor
86 (2.3)
(1.7, 2.8)
366100
602 (3.6)
136 (14.0)
(1.8, 2.7)
378064
857 (86.0)
Physical activity
None
915 (24.6)
(22.9, 26.3)
4001744
7428 (42.2)
<0.0001
1078 (18.9)
(17.7, 20.1)
3158655
9136 (34.8)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Low/moderate
2298 (65.3)
(63.3, 67.3)
10629710
7504 (47.5)
<0.0001
3837 (70.8)
(69.5, 72.2)
11841154
13429 (54.8)
<0.0001
<0.0001
High
1613 (46.5)
(44.5, 48.5)
7571196
5164 (33.8)
<0.0001
2924 (54.7)
(53.0, 56.3)
9136857
9817 (40.6)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Mean (SE) (weekly) (min)
283.09 (10.23)
(262.96, 303.22)
198.45 (6.00)
<0.0001
325.00 (9.77)
(305.77, 344.24)
239.65 (4.63)
<0.0001
0.003
Body mass index (BMI)
0.016
0.031
<0.0001
<24.9
1384 (39.0)
(37.3, 40.8)
6348273
6243 (38.7)
2057 (38.6)
(37.0, 40.1)
6448785
9039 (36.3)
25–29.9
1246 (34.5)
(32.7, 36.2)
5605830
5875 (35.4)
1916 (34.4)
(32.9, 36.0)
5757553
8717 (34.8)
30–35
614 (17.2)
(15.8, 18.6)
2793014
2731 (16.1)
903 (16.3)
(15.1, 17.4)
2718245
4425 (17.3)
35+
338 (9.4)
(8.3, 10.5)
1523855
1696 (9.9)
614 (10.7)
(9.8, 11.6)
1788421
3001 (11.6)
Mean (SE)
27.37 (0.11)
(27.15, 27.60)
27.35 (0.56)
0.887
27.54 (0.09)
(27.36, 27.72)
27.77 (0.05)
0.024
0.2305
Tobacco use
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Never
1894 (51.2)
(49.2, 53.2)
8330263
9977 (57.6)
3114 (56.3)
(54.8, 57.9)
9413789
14939 (58.3)
Former
1067 (30.3)
(28.7, 31.9)
4930987
3292 (21.2)
1539 (28.6)
(27.3, 30.0)
4788193
5281 (22.0)
Current
621 (18.5)
(16.7, 20.3)
3009722
3276 (21.2)
837 (15.0)
(13.8, 16.2)
2511022
4962 (19.6)
Alcohol use
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
None
1006 (26.7)
(25.1, 28.4)
4349888
6958 (39.0)
1454 (24.0)
(22.5, 25.5)
4012831
9897 (36.6)
Light
1740 (47.9)
(46.1, 49.7)
7794610
6609 (41.0)
2662 (49.6)
(48.0, 51.3)
8292892
10426 (42.7)
Moderate to heavy
836 (25.4)
(23.6, 27.1)
4126474
2978 (19.9)
1374 (26.4)
(24.9, 27.9)
15263475
4859 (20.7)
Substance abuse
30 (0.81)
(0.52, 1.1)
132414
96 (0.62)
0.157
62 (1.3)
(0.89, 1.6)
210988
164 (0.66)
0.0003
<0.0001
Comorbidity index
None
918 (25.6)
(23.9, 27.3)
4164042
6532 (38.4)
<0.0001
1035 (18.7)
(17.5, 19.8)
3117059
7588 (29.8)
<0.0001
0.0001
One
912 (26.0)
(24.4, 27.5)
4225414
3846 (23.7)
1218 (22.3)
(20.9, 23.6)
3721577
5717 (22.9)
Two
662 (18.4)
(16.9, 19.8)
2987313
2488 (15.5)
1083 (19.6)
(18.4, 20.8)
3272605
4243 (17.2)
≥Three
1090 (30.1)
(28.4, 31.7)
4894203
3679 (22.4)
2154 (39.5)
(37.8, 41.2)
6601763
7634 (30.2)
Mean (SE)
1.83 (0.03)
(1.77, 1.90)
1.45 (0.02)
<0.0001
2.23 (0.03)
(2.17, 2.29)
1.84 (0.02)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Chronic health conditions
Diabetes
314 (8.2)
(7.2, 9.1)
1331587
1633 (9.4)
0.021
596 (10.2)
(9.3, 11.2)
1709992
2965 (11.2)
0.106
<0.0001
Kidney disease
57 (1.6)
(1.2, 2.1)
263373
289 (1.6)
0.713
91 (1.5)
(1.2, 1.8)
250872
506 (1.9)
0.047
<0.0001
GI disease
590 (16.9)
(15.5, 18.3)
2752405
1696 (10.8)
<0.0001
2186 (40.4)
(38.9, 41.9)
6744109
7468 (29.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Chronic resp. conditions
615 (16.9)
(15.6, 18.2)
2745606
2144 (13.4)
<0.0001
985 (18.0)
(16.8, 19.3)
3015703
3762 (15.1)
<0.0001
<0.0001
CVD
257 (7.0)
(6.1, 7.9)
1142025
1078 (6.8)
0.607
393 (7.1)
(6.3, 7.9)
1186819
1829 (7.3)
0.621
<0.0001
Hypertension
1136 (31.1)
(29.4, 32.9)
5064154
4764 (28.7)
0.017
1856 (33.4)
(31.8, 35.0)
5582424
8168 (32.2)
0.165
<0.0001
Dyslipidemia
1159 (32.2)
(30.5, 34.0)
5246236
3977 (24.6)
<0.0001
1881 (33.9)
(32.2, 35.6)
5659527
6628 (26.8)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Liver disease
54 (1.5)
(1.1, 1.9)
244387
198 (1.2)
0.138
91 (1.6)
(1.2, 2.0)
271510
348 (1.3)
0.146
<0.0001
Chronic pain conditions
1836 (51.6)
(49.8, 53.3)
8390744
5940 (36.9)
<0.0001
3018 (55.2)
(53.9, 56.9)
9263106
9943 (39.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Mental health conditions
832 (23.8)
(22.1, 25.6)
3874783
2623 (16.0)
<0.0001
1674 (30.4)
(28.9, 31.9)
5084683
5854 (22.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Insomnia
948 (26.9)
(25.2, 28.7)
4383811
2885 (17.8)
<0.0001
1488 (26.8)
(25.4, 28.2)
4472612
4728 (18.8)
<0.0001
<0.0001
History of cancer
355 (10.1)
(9.0, 11.2)
1638188
1101 (7.4)
<0.0001
569 (10.7)
(9.7, 11.7)
1792043
2039 (8.6)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Use of other complementary health approaches
3539 (98.9)
(98.6, 99.3)
16094998
14150 (86.2)
<0.0001
5357 (97.9)
(97.5, 98.4)
16369136
17689 (72.1)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Other natural products
3331 (93.4)
(92.4, 94.4)
15192940
10243 (64.4)
<0.0001
5215 (95.5)
(94.9, 96.2)
15965914
15806 (64.5)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Mind-body
1870 (53.2)
(51.5, 55.0)
8659604
3621 (23.6)
<0.0001
2094 (39.7)
(38.0, 41.4)
6633294
3290 (13.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Manipulative/ bodywork
2034 (58.4)
(56.5, 60.3)
9496114
4144 (27.1)
<0.0001
2783 (51.7)
(50.0, 53.4)
8634942
6075 (25.3)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Energy healing/Reiki
218 (6.1)
(5.2, 7.0)
997157
137 (0.89)
<0.0001
240 (4.5)
(3.8, 5.1)
747014
123 (0.47)
<0.0001
<0.0001
spiritual practices
2334 (64.6)
(62.7, 66.5)
10512222
9637 (56.5)
<0.0001
643 (12.5)
(11.4, 13.5)
2081886
718 (2.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Alternative systems
858 (23.8)
(22.1, 25.5)
3867268
1136 (6.9)
<0.0001
1037 (19.0)
(17.8, 20.2)
3180077
1231 (4.9)
<0.0001
<0.0001
Note. Column percentages shown; adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity based on 2000 Census data; adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity based on 2010 Census data; significant changes between 2007 and 2012 indicated by nonoverlapping weighted population confidence intervals; values obtained by comparing weighted estimates; note: significant changes between datasets with differing weighting schemes indicated by nonoverlapping weighted population confidence intervals as ; family costs aside from deductibles, premiums, copays; defined as ≥10 min. increments; including diabetes, kidney disease, gastrointestinal disorder (including ulcer and/or abdominal pain, digestive allergy, and heartburn), respiratory conditions (asthma, emphysema, and/or chronic bronchitis), dyslipidemia, liver condition, rheumatoid arthritis, CVD, hypertension, nonspecific arthritis, gout, migraines, mental health condition; including bowel conditions and ulcers (2007); past 12 months: abdominal pain, digestive allergy, heartburn, and ever having ulcer (2012); asthma, emphysema, and/or chronic bronchitis; myocardial infarction, heart disease, angina pectoris; migraines (past 3 months), nonspecific arthritis, gout, nonspecific joint pain for 3+ months, rheumatoid arthritis; depression, bipolar disorder, phobias, often anxious (past year); supplements other than NVNMs, including vitamins/minerals, probiotics (past 30 days), fish oil (past 30 days), chelation therapies; Tai Chi/Qi Gong, yoga, guided imagery, progressive relaxation, deep breathing exercises, meditation (singular term “meditation” used in 2007; expanded in 2012 to include mantra and mindfulness meditation), mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive therapy (2012), stress-management class (2007), biofeedback, hypnosis; practitioner-based massage (ever), chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, Sobador visit; prayed for one’s own health (2007) or centering prayer/contemplative meditation (2012); and/or visit with Espiritista (2007 only), Curandero, Shaman, and/or native American healer; acupuncture, Ayurveda, homeopathy, and naturopathy.
