Modulation of Acupuncture on Cell Apoptosis and Autophagy

Table 1

Modulation of acupuncture on cell apoptosis and autophagy.

Diseases related	Models	Control group	Acupoints	Effects of acupuncture intervention	Study
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	Intrahippocampally injected; A model, rats	Non-EA	Du20, BL23, EA	(1) The Hoechst 33342 positive apoptotic cells decreased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The mRNA expression of Notch1 and hes1 was decreased ( and )	[20]
Brain function disorder	Normal, rats	Non-MA	SJ5, MA	Both the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were increased ()	[21]
Central poststroke pain (CPSP)	The CPSP model, single collagenase injection into the left ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, rats	Non-EA	GV20, ST36, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of COX-2, β-catenin, and NK-1R was decreased ()	[22]
Cervical spondylosis (CS)	Inducing cervical IVD degradation through unbalanced dynamic and static forces, rats	Non-EA	GV14, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of TNF-α, TNFR1, and caspase-8 was decreased (); (3) Both the mRNA and protein expression of integrin-β1 and Akt were increased ()	[23]
Cerebral palsy (CP)	Hypoxia-ischemia (HI), rats	Non-MA	GV20, Ex-HN1, MA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 was decreased ()	[24]
Depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors	The CUS model, rats	Non-EA	DU20, GB34, EA	(1) The BrdU-positive cells (ANPs) obviously increased (); (2) The Hoechst 33342 positive apoptotic cells (QNPS) decreased ()	[25]
Heroin addiction	Heroin readdiction was produced through repeated exposure and detoxification, rats	Non-EA	GV20, GV14, EA	(1) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (2) The protein expression of Bax was decreased ()	[26]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	LU5, LI4, ST36, SP6, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The protein expression levels of p-ERK were increased ()	[27]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) Both the mRNA and protein expression of NDRG2 were inhibited (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased ()	[28]
Ischemic stroke	Transient global ischemia, gerbils	Non-MA	ST36, LI4, MA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells obviously decreased (); (2) The BrdU-positive cells obviously increased ()	[29]
Ischemic stroke	The common carotid arteries (CCAs) were occluded using aneurysm clips for 5 min, gerbils	Non-MA	ST36, LI4, MA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The Fos-positive cells decreased (); (3) The caspase-3-positive cells decreased ()	[30]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) The expression of εPKC was increased (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells obviously decreased (); (3) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (4) The protein expression of Bax was decreased ()	[31]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, LI4, LR3, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The BrdU+/Nestin+ cells obviously increased (); (5) Both the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-9 were decreased (); (6) Both the mRNA and protein expression of TIMP-1 were increased ()	[32]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV26, EA	(1) The protein expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was decreased (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (3) The Bcl-2-positive cells decreased ()	[33]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, GV16, EA	(1) The ratio of cytosolic p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK expression was increased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The expression of caspase-3 was decreased ()	[34]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	LI11, ST36, EA	(1) The level of LC3BII/LC3BI was decreased (); (2) The expression of mTORC1 was increased (); (3) The expression of Beclin-1 was decreased ()	[35]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	DU20, DU24, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of NF-κB p65 was decreased (); (3) The mRNA expression of Bax and Fas was decreased ()	[36]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	LI11, ST36, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of PI3K and p-Akt was increased (); (3) Both the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were increased ()	[37]
Ischemic stroke	Model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, rats	Non-EA	BL3, BL17, GV20, EA	The TUNEL-positive cells decreased ()	[38]
Ischemic stroke	Global cerebral ischemia, mice	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) The expression of GluR2 was increased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax was decreased ()	[39]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) The number of autophagosomes was decreased (12 h after I/S) (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased ()	[40]
Ischemic stroke	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, rats	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The number of autophagosomes was increased (2 h after I/S) (); (3) The ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR was increased ()	[41]
Ischemic stroke	Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, rats	Non-EA	GV4, GV6, GV14, GV20, GV24, GV26, EA	The TUNEL-positive cells decreased ()	[42]
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)	Intracranial hemorrhage model, rats	Non-MA	GV14, GV16, MA	(1) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (2) The protein expression of Bax was decreased (); (3) The protein expression of caspase-3 was decreased (); (4) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased ()	[43]
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC)	Chest incision and 20 minutes of ischemia followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion, rats	Non-EA	PC6, CV7, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of c-Fos mRNA was increased ()	[44]
Intracerebral hemorrhage	Model of intracerebral hemorrhage, rats	Non-MA	ST36, MA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The caspase-3-positive cells decreased ()	[45]
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration	Inducing cervical IVD degradation, rats	Non-EA	DU14, LI10, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was decreased (); (5) Both the mRNA and protein expression of CrK and ERK2 were increased ()	[46]
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD)	Using a custom-made external compression device to stimulate disc degeneration, rats	Non-EA	Ex-B2, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased ()	[47]
Peripheral nerve injury	Model was established by mechanical clamping of the sciatic nerve stem, rats	Non-EA	GB30, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The expression of Bax was decreased ()	[48]
Parkinson’s disease (PD)	PD model, MPTP, 30 mg/kg/d, 5 days, mice	Non-MA	GB34, MA	(1) The expression level of LC3II was decreased (); (2) The expression level of LAMP1 was increased ()	[49]
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury	The spinal cord I/R model received aortic arch exposure or cross-clamping for 14 min, rats	Non-EA	GV6, GV9, EX-B2, EA	(1) The protein expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was increased (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (3) The protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9 was decreased ()	[50]
Spinal cord injury (SCI)	Models were deeply anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 1% pentobarbital sodium (35 mg/kg), rats	Non-EA	GV6, GV9, EA	(1) The expression of miR-214 was increased (); (2) The protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The protein expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The protein expression of caspase-3 was decreased (); (5) The TUNEL-positive cells obviously decreased ()	[51]
Spinal cord injury (SCI)	Model of bladder dysfunction after SCI, rabbits	Non-EA	BL54, ST28, CV6, CV3, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells obviously decreased (); (2) The expression of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2 was increased (); (3) The expression of Cyt c and caspase-3 was decreased ()	[52]
Spinal cord injury (SCI)	T10 segment spinal cord injury (SCI) model, rats	Non-EA	DU9, EA	(1) The expression of miR-449a was decreased (); (2) The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression was decreased (); (3) The protein expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-1β was decreased ()	[53]
Sepsis (for brain injury)	Exposing cecum with ligation and puncture, rats	Non-EA	GV20, ST36, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and TLR-4 was decreased ()	[54]
Surgical trauma	Model of surgical trauma, rats	Non-EA	ST36, EXTRA37, EA	(1) The number of splenocytes was increased (); (2) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (3) The protein expression of Fas was decreased	[55]
Surgical trauma	Model of surgical trauma, rats	Non-EA	ST36, EXTRA37, EA	(1) The apoptotic rate of the splenic lymphocytes was decreased (); (2) The protein expression of TNF-α and TNFR1 was decreased (); (3) The protein expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 was decreased (); (4) The activity of JNK and NF-κB was decreased ()	[56]
Transient brain ischemia	High-sustained positive acceleration (+Gz) exposure, rats	Non-EA	GV20, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) The expression of caspase-3 was decreased ()	[57]
Ulcerative colitis (UC)	Model of ulcerative colitis was established by immunological methods and local stimulation, rats	Non-EA	RN6, ST25, EA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells obviously decreased (); (2) The expression of Bcl-2 was increased (); (3) The expression of Bax was decreased (); (4) The expression of Fas/FasL was decreased ()	[58]
Vascular dementia (VaD)	0.3 mL of 3% clot suspension was injected into the internal carotid artery, rats	Non-MA	CV17, CV12, CV6, T36, SP10, MA	(1) The TUNEL-positive cells decreased (); (2) Both the mRNA and protein expression of Bax were decreased (); (3) Both the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were increased ()	[59]

EA: electroacupuncture; MA: manual acupuncture; I/R: ischemia-reperfusion; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain; NDRG2: human N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; NK-1R: neurokinin 1 receptor; BrdU: 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; ERK1/2: Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; εPKC: epsilon protein kinase C; TIMPs: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; TLR-4: toll-like receptor-4.