Uncertain Associations of Major Bleeding and Concurrent Use of Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Medications: A Nested Case-Crossover Study
Table 2
Comparisons of comorbidities and concomitant medications among antiplatelet users between case period and control periods.
Case perioda
Control period 1b
p value
Control period 2c
p valued
Comorbidity
Hypertension
423 (35.0%)
395 (32.7%)
0.2288
370 (30.6%)
Coronary artery diseases
250 (20.7%)
232 (19.2%)
0.3595
222 (18.4%)
0.1508
Renal failure
146 (12.1%)
133 (11.0%)
0.4080
114 (9.4%)
Diabetes
108 (8.9%)
119 (9.8%)
0.4431
113 (9.4%)
0.7242
Heart failure
79 (6.5%)
65 (5.4%)
0.2290
61 (5.1%)
0.1170
Cerebrovascular accident
57 (4.7%)
48 (4.0%)
0.3692
48 (4.0%)
0.3692
Cancer
51 (4.2%)
43 (3.6%)
0.4000
35 (4.2%)
0.0789
Liver disease
44 (3.6%)
28 (2.3%)
0.0556
39 (3.2%)
0.5765
Obesity
1 (0.1%)
1 (0.1%)
1
1 (0.1%)
1
Concomitant medication
Increasing risk of bleeding
NSAIDs
1028 (85.0%)
968 (80.1%)
932 (77.1%)
<0.0001
Statins
291 (24.1%)
281 (23.2%)
0.6323
269 (22.3%)
0.2889
Glucocorticoids
97 (8.0%)
81 (6.7%)
0.2128
76 (6.3%)
0.0975
SSRI
37 (3.1%)
36 (3.0%)
0.9054
32 (2.7%)
0.5414
Warfarin
25 (2.1%)
22 (1.8%)
0.6586
23 (1.9%)
0.7706
Prevent risk of bleeding
H2 blockers
220 (18.2%)
178 (14.7%)
165 (13.7%)
PPI
64 (5.3%)
44 (3.6%)
42 (3.47%)
Cytoprotective agents
4 (0.3%)
0
6 (0.5%)
0.5262
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; PPI: proton-pump inhibitors; a1–4 weeks prior to the index date; b6–9 weeks prior to the index date; c13–16 weeks prior to the index date; dsignificance is reached when p < 0.05.
