|
Symptom | Participants (number) | Design | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome | Reference |
Primary | Secondary |
|
Sleep | 12 with AD and 1 with frontotemporal dementia (n= 13) | Open-label trial | YKS (5-7.5 g/day) for 8 weeks | None | Improved Sleep Disorder Inventory per NPI | Improved wake after sleep onset and total NPI scores; No change in MMSE | [5] |
5 with dementia | Open-label trial | YGS (2.5g) for 4 weeks | None | PSG; total sleep time, sleep efficiency, stage 2 sleep ↑ and the number of arousals and periodic limb movements ↓; Improved PSQI | | [6] |
20 healthy adult males | Double-blind trial | YKSCH (7.5 g/day) for 3 days | Anchu-san | PSG; total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and stage 2 sleep ↑; Sleep latency and stage 3+4 sleep ↓ | | [7] |
3 with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder | Case report | YGS (7.5 g/day) + clonazepam (0.5 mg/day) | None | Suppression of RBD | | [8] |
YGS (7.5 g/day) + clonazepam (0.25 mg/day) |
YGS(2.5 g/day) |
|
| 25 with PD | Open-label trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) for 12 weeks | None | NPI total score ↓; Improved subscale including hallucinations, anxiety, and apathy | No significant change in UPDRS part III and Hoehn–Yahr classification | [2] |
7 with PD 7 with PDD (n=14) | Open-label trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | None | NPI total score ↓; improved subscale including hallucinations MMSE improved slightly in PDD; No change in UPDRS III and ADL | | [9] |
90 with dementia | Randomized rater-blinded trial | YKS (2.5-7.5 g/d) for 8 weeks | Risperidone or fluvoxamine | NPI-NH ↓ | No change in MMSE, FIM, and drug-induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale | [10] |
103 with dementia | Randomized cross-over trial | YKS (7.5 g) for 4 weeks | None | NPI total score ↓; improved subscale including delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, depression, anxiety, and irritability/lability; No change in MMSE and ADL | | [11] |
5 with dementia | Open-label trial | YGS (2.5 g) for 4 weeks | None | NPI-NH total score ↓; improved subscale including delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, anxiety, and irritability/lability; No change in MMSE | | [6] |
Neuropsychiatry | 52 with dementia | Randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial | YGS (7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | Drug-free | NPI-NH total score ↓; improved subscale including hallucinations, agitation/aggression, irritability/lability and aberrant motor activity; Barthel index ↑; No change in MMSE | | [12] |
| 145 with AD | Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | Placebo-control | No significant difference in total NPI-Q scores | Improved NPI subscale including agitation/aggression and hallucinations; No change in MMSE | [13] |
61 with AD | Randomized, non-blinded, parallel-group comparison trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) + donepezil for 4 weeks | Active comparator | NPI total score ↓; improved subscale including agitation/aggression and irritability/lability; No significant difference in MMSE, DAD, ZBI, or SDS | | [14] |
29 with AD | Open-label trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | None | NPI total score ↓ | Clinically decreased subscale including hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, irritability, and abnormal behaviors; No significant difference in MMSE, DAD, ZBI, or SDS | [15] |
15 with AD | Randomized controlled trial | YKS(2.5 g) for 12 weeks + sulpiride (50 mg/day) | Control | NPI total score ↓; No change in MMSE and ADL | | [16] |
13 with vascular dementia | Open-label clinical trial | YKS (7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | None | NPI total score ↓; significantly improved subscale including agitation; No change in MMSE, ADL, DAD, or UPDRS | | [17] |
40 with schizophrenia | Open-label clinical trial | YKS (2.5–7.5 g/day) for 4 weeks | None | Significantly improved BPRS, CGI-S, and PANSS; Slightly decreased Simpson-Angus scale, Barnes Akathisia scale, and AIM | | [18] |
|
Cognition | 1 with schizophrenia | Case report | YKS (5.0 g/day) for 3 months | None | Markedly improved cognitive functions in daily life and BACS–J | | [19] |
|
Pain | 10 with neuropathic pain | Open-label clinical trial | | None | Markedly decreased VAS and PS | | [20] |
|
Tardive dyskinesia | 22 with schizophrenia | Open-label trial | YGS (7.5 g/day) for 12 weeks | None | Significantly decreased AIMS total scores and all PANSS subscales; Substantial changes in CGI | | [21] |
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