Freezing behavior ↓ in the CFC test; time spent in open arms ↑ in EPM test; unchanged locomotion
Anxiolytic effects via 5- receptors in memory-dependent fear induced by aversive stress; plasma corticosterone (-) after CFC stress in rats that had experienced footshock stress
Cerebrovascular ischemia by the four-vessel occlusion method
YKS
100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg, p.o., for 14 days
The time in the dark box in the light/dark test and in the enclosed arm in EPM ↓; the proportion of counts in the outer area in OF test ↓; unchanged locomotion in the open-field
Antagonistic effect on wet-dog shakes induced by 5-agonist, DOI (5 mg/kg)
Male ddY mice (3 weeks old) and male Wistar rats (3 weeks old)
Zinc-deficient diet for 2 weeks
YKSCH
Drinking water containing YKSCH 300 mg/kg for 2 weeks
Aggressive behavior in resident-intruder test ↓
Attenuation of excess exocytosis at mossy fiber boutons induced with 60 mM KCl in hippocampus and intracellular Ca2+ level by GA (100–500 μM) or GM (100 μM)
Memory deficits in modified Y-maze test and novel object recognition test ↓; long term memory impairment in fear conditioning test (-)
Reversed OBX-induced down-regulation of ChAT and muscarinic M1 receptor expression without affecting muscarinic M3 receptor expression or AChE activity
Accuracy in the delayed alternation ↑ (working memory); accuracy in reversal discrimination tasks ↑ (reversal learning)
Increase of dopaminergic signaling through D1 receptors in the PFC as the effect of YKS was reduced by intracranial infusion of a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist
Memory disturbance in step-through passive-avoidance test ↓
Inhibition of neuronal and astroglial cell degeneration in the brainstem, hippocampus, and cortex; inhibition of extracellular glutamate rise in the ventral posterior medial thalamus
Cerebral ischemia by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 5 min
YKS
300 mg/kg, p. o. for 30 days
Ischemia-induced locomotor hyperactivity ↓; errors recorded in the 8-RAM task ↓
Decreased number of activated microglia in the CA1 based on Iba1 immunohistochemistry; amelioration of ischemia-induced oxidative DNA damage via 8-OHdG assay
Mechanical allodynia in the von Frey filament test ↓; cold allodynia in acetone test ↓
Inhibition of cerebrospinal fluid dialysate levels of glutamate; DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartate and dihydrokainate as glutamate transporter inhibitor reduced the antiallodynic effects of YKS