Investigation on the Antibacterial and Anti-T3SS Activity of Traditional Myanmar Medicinal Plants

Table 1

Ethnobotanical information and antibacterial and anti-T3SS activities of the 18 traditional medicinal plants.

No.	Scientific name	Family	Common name	Myanmar name	Myanmar name in English	Part used	Extract weigh (g) ②	Myanmar traditional use	Activity③	Literature④	Other representative research
My3	Mansonia gagei J.R.Drumm①	Malvaceae	Bustard sandalwood		Karamat	woods	3.76	Urein, melena, purgative, skin diseases, hemafecia, paralysis, laxative, fever	Sa	13 (4)	Antifungal, antioxidant and larvicidal, effective compounds includes mansonone C, E, N, and mansorin A, B [18]
My4	Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.	Lauraceae	Caraway (Karaway)		Karaway	fruits	21.00	Digestion, gynecological, regulating menstruation, confectionary flavouring liqueurs	SPI-1	131 (21)	The essential oil of fruits have moderate antibacterial properties [19]
My7	Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn.	Rutaceae	Lavang lata		Kakawli	seeds	12.17	Gall-bladder disease, insecticidal, flatulence, phlegmy in throat, hypotension, fever, haematemesis, scorpion poison, insecticidal, anti-itching	SPI-1	6 (0)	Essential oil have been reported to be antifungal activity against Keratinophilic fungi [20]
My10	Mesua ferrea L.	Calophyllaceae	Ironwood tree		Gangaw	flowers	24.20	Mixed with thana-ka good for skin, insomnia palpitation, dizziness, breathlessness	Pv, Sa, SPI-1	156 (13)	4-Alkyl- and 4-phenylcoumarins from Mesua ferrea as promising multidrug resistant antibacterials [21];
My11	Myrica nagi Thunb.①	Pentaphylacaceae	Box myrtle		Kat-pho	barks	33.26	Hypertension, coughing, gall-bladder diseases ()	SPI-1	18 (1)	M. nagi crude extract posesses antidiarrheal and gut modulatory activities [22]
My21	Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Fleming	Combretaceae	Citrina tree		Kyasu (Phan-kha-nge)	fruits	45.18	Asthma, flatulence, burn, toothache	SPI-1	8 (1)	Tanins are responsible for antimicrobial activity [23]
My44	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Apiaceae	Fennel		Samon-saba (Awa)	seeds	12.48	Cough, fevers, indigestion, stomachache, apophlegmatisant	SPI-1	933 (128)	Antibacterial property [24]
My45	Anethum graveolens L.	Apiaceae	Anise (Sweet fennel)		Sameik-si-mwe	seeds	13.05	Spice, medicine to emit unhealthy vapour	SPI-1	410 (60)	Antibacterial property [24]
My49	Thymus vulgaris L.	Lamiaceae	Thyme		Samon-byu	seeds	13.84	Dysentery, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea used to happen in children ()	SPI-1	1613 (379)	Essential oil of T. vulgaris have anitbacterial effect against oral microooganisms in situ [25]
My61	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Myristicaceae	Nutmeg		Zadeik-po	seeds	11.39	Tonic, stomachache, piles, nourish blood, arthralgia	SPI-1	380 (33)	3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone was major component for treating bactetiial infctiions including mutidrug resistant phenotypes [26]
my67	Curcuma comosa Roxb.	Zingiberaceae	Bitter turmeric		Nawin-kha	roots	17.06	Stomachache, anti-diabetic with honey	Sa	93 (1)	Five diphenylhepranoids were found to be as ematocidal agents [27]
My86	Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.	Clusiaceae	Boabab		Metlin-chin	fruits	33.20	Constipation and stomachache	SPI-1	29 (1)	The hexane and chloroform extracts of Garcinia pedunculata are found to have pronounced inhibitory effect against the tested Gram-positive bacteria [28]
My89	Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.	Apiaceae	Asiatic pennywort		Myin-hkwa-pin	whole plants	12.12	Lungs disease, dysentery, oliguria, hematuria, antidote, influenza, skin disease, hematochezia, wound inflammation ()	SPI-1	960 (35)	Anti-mycobacterial effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis [29]
My90	Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.	Simaroubaceae	Java fruit		Yar-tan-sae	seeds	8.82	Skin disease, leprosy, scabies, dysentery	SPI-1	224 (1)	A novel antibacterial peptide specific to Streptococcus pyogenes was produced from dried fruit protein of Brucea javanica [30]
My104	Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet	Lauraceae	Cinnamon		Thit-kyabo	barks	2.28	Digestion, gynecological disease, apoplexy, arthralgia, arthrodynia	SPI-1	14 (3)	The essential oil of Cinnamomum bejolghota showed promising antibacterial activity [31]
My105	Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr.	Menispermaceae	Tree turmeric		Thit-nan-nwin (Nanwin-nwe)	stems	5.30	Fevers, diabetes, celiac disease, snake bite	SPI-1	65 (2)	Antibacterial activity of Coscinium fenestratum is mainly due to the presence of berberine [32]
My108	Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.	Apocynaceae	Country ipecac		Upa-tha-ka	stems	13.60	Prevent to perspiration, inflammation, asthma	SPI-1	113 (5)	The extracts of Tylophora indica acts as a good source of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens tested and exhibited broad spectrum of antibacterial activity [33]
My109	Coptis teeta Wall.	Ranunculaceae	Golden thread		Khandauk	rhizomes	22.50	Mix with piper nigrum are used for cough, asthma	Sa	25 (3)	Anti-microbial potential [34]

Note: ① unsolved name based on The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/); ② number of gram extract from 100 g plant material; ③ bioactivities tested in this study (Pv, growth inhibition on P. vulgaris CPCC 160013; Sa, growth inhibition on S. aureus ATCC 25923; SPI-1, inhibitory activities against the secretion of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) effector proteins of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UK-1χ8956. SipA/B/C/D, SPI-1 effector proteins). and indicate moderate and significant effects, respectively; ④number of literatures retried from Web of Science (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/) of the species studied; numbers in brackets indicate the number of literature related on antimicrobial and/or antibacterial research.