Safety and Efficacy of Ferula asafoetida in Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

Table 2

Physicochemical characteristics of Asafin.

Parameters	Test results
Colour and Appearance	Off-White free flowing powder
Odour	Mild characteristic
Solubility	Soluble in water upon homogenisation
Moisture (%)	4.2
Bulk density (g mL^−1)	0.56
Volatile oil content (%)	3.4
Nutrition Facts/100 g
Carbohydrates	82.0 g
Proteins	6.1g
Dietary fibre	6.1g
Fat (hexane solubles)	3.2g
Energy	381.2kcal
Microbiology^#
Total plate count	< 3000 cfu g^−1
Yeast & mould	< 100 cfu g^−1
E. coli	Absent
Coliforms	< 3 MPN g^−1
Salmonella	Absent
Heavy Metals^!
Lead	< 0.5 ppm
Mercury	< 0.1 ppm
Cadmium	< 0.5 ppm
Arsenic	< 1 ppm

Method: ASTA method no. 5.2, 4th Ed; 2010.
°Method: AOAC Pearson’s composition and analysis of food 19th Ed; 1991.
^#Methods: FDA BAM Ch 3-5, 18th Ed; 2011.
^!Method: AAS method AOAC,18th Ed; 2005.