A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau

Table 3

Total phenolic content (TPC) of C. nutans.

Extract	Plant part	Pre- or post-harvesting method	Plant origin	Results of TPC	Extract with highest TPC	Extract with lowest TPC	Reference
Hot water	-	Oven dry; Heating at 90°C	Malaysia	14.70 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DM	-	-	[37]
Hot water	Leaf	Unfermented and fermented; Microwave-oven dry, freeze dry; Hot boiling water (100°C); Infusion for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min	Sabah Malaysia	88.56 ± 4.40 to 177.80 ± 19.10 mg TAE/L	Unfermented-microwave oven-20 min infusion	Fermented-freeze dry-1 min infusion	[36]
Distilled water	Leaf	Combination of air dry and oven dry; Maceration with shaker-0.5, 1, 3, 5, 24 h	Thailand	26.53 ± 8.83 to 46.71 ± 9.31 mg GAE/g DW	Maceration for 1 h	Maceration for 5 h	[60]
Hot water (70°C), water, methanol, 80% methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane	Leaf, stem	Freeze dry; Sonication	Seremban Malaysia	23.15 ± 2.78 to 73.33 ± 12.18 mg GAE/g extract	80% methanol leaf	Hexane stem	[42]
Hot distilled water, cold distilled water, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane	Leaf	Orbital shaker	Seremban Malaysia	24.57 ± 0.07 to 48.08 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW extract	Cold distilled water	Ethanol	[18]
100% Methanol	Leaf	Maceration	Seremban Malaysia	1.77 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g extract	-	-	[6]
100% Methanol	Leaf	Air dry; Maceration	Seremban Malaysia	0.78 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW extract at stock: 10 mg/mL	-	-	[24]
Methanol	Leaf, stem	Oven dry; Sonication	Seremban Malaysia	0.12 and 2.68 mg GAE/g DW sample	Leaf	Stem	[61]
Methanol	Leaf	Air dry; Orbital shaker	Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam	8.29 to 72.16 mg GAE/g DW extract	Chiang Dao, Thailand	Map Khae, Thialand	[18]
Methanol	Leaf	Oven dry 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 100°C; Orbital shaker	Seremban Malaysia	22.44 ± 0.03 to 63.31 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g DW extract	Oven dry at 100°C	Oven dry at 40°C	[18]
Methanol	Leaf, bud	1, 6 and 12 months old; Freeze dry; Shaking	Serdang Malaysia	6.840 ± 0.470 to 15.460 ± 1.231 mg/g DW	6-month-old buds	1-month-old buds	[41]
Polar (methanol and dichloromethane), non-polar (hexane and diethyl ether)	Leaf, stem	Soaking	Pahang Malaysia	1.43 ± 0.1 to 7.99 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g DM	Leaf-polar	Stem-non polar	[62]
Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane fraction	-	Sonication	Malaysia	22.17 ± 0.02 to 119.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g DW	Chloroform	Ethyl acetate	[35]
100% Ethanol	Leaf	Maceration	Thailand	4.67 ± 3.60 mg GAE/g wet weight sample	-	-	[63]
100%, 86%, 65%, 50%, 44% Ethanol	Aerial	Oven dry; MAE, p-MAE, SFE, soxhlet extraction	KL Malaysia	5.74 ± 0.29 to 14.56 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g DM	p-MAE in 50% ethanol	MAE in 86% ethanol	[30]
70% Ethanol	Leaf	Freeze dry; Sonication	Perak Malaysia	23.5 mg GAE/g DM	-	-	[64]
70% Ethanol	Leaf, Stem	Freeze dry, oven dry, air dry; Sonication, soaking	Seremban Malaysia	1.04 ± 0.02 to 7.29 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DW sample	Leaf-Air dry-Sonication	Stem-Freeze dry-Soaking	[4]
-	Stem	Air dry; CO2-Soxhlet, Maceration	Seremban; Malaysia	CO2-Soxhlet: 49.45 mg GAE/g DM, Maceration: 7.54 mg GAE/g DM	-	-	[28]
80% Ethanol	Leaf, stem	Young and mature; Stored for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days	Malaysia	Maturity: 60.75 to 117.00 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample; Storage duration: 71.08 to 140.92 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample	Maturity; young leaf; Storage; 1 day storage	Maturity; matured stem; Storage; 4 days storage	[38]

KL: Kuala Lumpur.