Chinese Herbal Medicine Ameliorated the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 2
Risk factors of CKD among hepatitis patients.
Variable
CKD
Crude
Adjusted§
Event no.
HR
95% CI
value
HR
95% CI
value
CHM
No
318
1
(Reference)
1
(Reference)
Yes
452
0.8
(0.69–0.93)
0.004
0.69
(0.59–0.8)
<0.001
Gender
Female
312
1
(Reference)
1
(Reference)
Male
458
0.9
(0.78–1.04)
0.14
1.26
(1.08–1.48)
0.003
Age, year
18–44
108
1
(Reference)
1
(Reference)
45–59
240
2.31
(1.84–2.9)
<0.001
2.12
(1.67–2.69)
<0.001
≥60
422
4.81
(3.89–5.94)
<0.001
3.59
(2.78–4.64)
<0.001
Urbanization
1 (highest)
164
1
(Reference)
1
(Reference)
2
227
1.1
(0.9–1.35)
0.35
1.12
(0.91–1.37)
0.29
3
109
1.02
(0.8–1.3)
0.89
0.98
(0.77–1.25)
0.85
4 (lowest)
270
1.39
(1.14–1.68)
<0.001
1.14
(0.93–1.38)
0.21
Comorbidity
Hypertension
460
2.49
(2.16–2.88)
<0.001
1.36
(1.14–1.62)
<0.001
Diabetes mellitus
360
2.59
(2.25–2.99)
<0.001
1.55
(1.31–1.84)
<0.001
Coronary artery disease
303
2.05
(1.78–2.37)
<0.001
1.12
(0.95–1.33)
0.18
Hyperlipidemia
286
1.59
(1.37–1.84)
<0.001
1.13
(0.96–1.32)
0.14
Liver cirrhosis
180
2.02
(1.71–2.39)
<0.001
1.54
(1.29–1.83)
<0.001
Heart failure
65
2.84
(2.2–3.66)
<0.001
1.61
(1.23–2.11)
<0.001
Osteoporosis
147
1.74
(1.45–2.08)
<0.001
0.99
(0.82–1.21)
0.96
Arrhythmia
112
1.57
(1.29–1.92)
<0.001
0.97
(0.78–1.2)
0.78
PVD
23
1.49
(0.98–2.26)
0.06
0.96
(0.63–1.46)
0.85
Medication
HBV drug
22
0.68
(0.45–1.04)
0.08
0.73
(0.47–1.12)
0.15
HCV drug
29
0.44
(0.3–0.63)
<0.001
0.45
(0.31–0.65)
<0.001
CKD drug
557
1.86
(1.58–2.17)
<0.001
0.78
(0.65–0.95)
0.01
DM drug
253
2.24
(1.93–2.6)
<0.001
1.41
(1.18–1.68)
<0.001
Statin
112
1.09
(0.89–1.33)
0.4
0.7
(0.56–0.86)
<0.001
CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; SD, standard deviation; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. §Cox model adjusted with gender, age, urbanization, comorbidity and medication.
