Traditional Herbal Knowledge among the Inhabitants: A Case Study in Urgam Valley of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

Table 2

Herbal medicine and mode of administration by inhabitants of Urgam Valley in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

S.N.	Scientific name, Family and collection number	Local name	Life forms	Parts used	Mode of preparation	Doses and administration	Diseases treated	UR	Pharmacological activity
1	Aconitum balfourii Stapf.; Syn. Aconitum lethale Griff; Ranunculaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4103 Figure 5(a)	Meetha/Bhngwa	Herb	Root	Decoction (in cow urine), Paste	1/2 drop once a day	Snake bite	11	Diaphoretic, diuretic, analgesic,; febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-pyretic, vermifuge, powerful sedative, narcotic and poison [14, 15]
2	Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle; Ranunculaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4104 Figure 5(b)	Atees	Herb	Root	Juice, Powder	1/2 teaspoon; with lukewarm water	Stomach ache, fever	69	Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory, Anthelminthic, Antihyperlipidemic, analgesic [14, 16–19]
3	Ajuga parviflora Benth.; Lamiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4168	Neelkanthi	Herb	Whole plant	Powder or decoction	1/2-1 teaspoon 3 times a day with water	Stomach ache, fever	29	Hypertension, malaria, pneumonia, edema, as anthelmintic, antifungal, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, antitumor and antimicrobial agents [20, 21]
4	Allium cepa L.; Amaryllidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4120	Pyaj	Herb	Bulb	Juice	1-3 drops	Ear ache	48	Antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-allergic and molluscicidal; activity [22, 23]
5	Allium sativum L.; Amaryllidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4121	Lehsun	Herb	Whole plants	Paste	1/2 teaspoon	Burnt, Cut	23	Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, cardiovascular [24]
6	Allium wallichii Kunth.; Amaryllidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4125	Lainka	Herb	Leaves	Powder	1/2 -1 teaspoon with water	Gastric	12	Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer [25]
7	Angelica glauca Edgew; Apiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4146	Choru	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 teaspoon with water	Gastric	9	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytotoxic [26]
8	Artemisia nilagirica (C.B Clarke) Pamp.; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4136	Kunja	Herb	Leaves	Juice	1 teaspoon	Cut and wounds	24	Antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antifilarial, insecticidal, antiulcer, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-asthmatic [27]
9	Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex. D.Don; Asparagaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4126	Jhirna	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 -1 teaspoon with cowmilk	Remove weakness	13	Hypolipidemic [28]
10	Berberis aristata DC.; Berberidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4163	Kingod	Shrub	Root	Decoction	1-2 drop	Eye ailments	87	Antimicrobial, antidepressant, diabetes mellitus, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory [29]
11	Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4164	Chotru	Herb	Bark	Decoction	1 teaspoon thrice a day	Diabetes, eye ailments	92	Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, Antimicrobial, antimutagenic, pesticidal, wound healing [30]
12	Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.; Saxifragaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4112	Syalphadi	Herb	Root	Decoction	1 teaspoon once a day with lukewarm water	Stone	45	Anti-tussive, antiulcer, anti-neoplastic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycaemic [31, 32]
13	Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f.& Thomson) Engl; Figure 5(c).; Saxifragaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4113	Pashanbhed	Herb	Root	Decoction	1 teaspoon once a day with lukewarm water	Stone	61	Anti-arthritic, antimicrobial, [32]
14	Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.; Apiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4174	Brahmi	Herb	Leaves	Juice, Powder	1/2 -1 teaspoon with water	Coolant	26	Stimulatory-nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and intelligence promoting property, antiepileptic, leprosy, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory [33–35]
15	Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm.; Lauraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4169	Tejpat	Tree	Leaves, bark	Powder	1/2 -1 teaspoon with water	Control blood pressure	49	Antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial [36]
16	Cirsium wallichii DC.; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4138	Kanjelu	Herb	Root	Powder, Juice	1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water	Fever	2	Antimicrobial and Antioxidant [37]
17	Cucumis sativus L.; Cucurbitaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4153	Kakdi	Climber	Seeds	Powder	1/2 teaspoon with water	Diuretic	40	Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hypo cholesterolemic [38]
18	Curcuma longa L.; Zingiberaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4165	Haldu	Herb	Rhizome	Paste	1/2 teaspoon twice a day	Cut and wounds	86	Anti-HIV, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor [39]
19	Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo; Orchidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4162; Figure 5(d)	Hathajadi	Herb	Root	Paste, Powder	1/2 teaspoon	Cut and wounds, fever, stomach ache	39	Antibacterial, aphrodisiac, antipyretic [14]
20	Dioscorea bulbifera L.; Dioscoreaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4139	Tairu	Climber	Tuber	Powder	1/2 teaspoon with water	Coolant	3	Antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anorexiant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, plasmid curing, anti-diabetic and antihyperglycemic[40]
21	Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4157	Basya	Herb	Leaves	Juice	1/2 - 1 teaspoon	Cut and wound	29	Analgesic, antifungal [41, 42]
22	Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis; Urticaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4118	Kandali	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2-1 teaspoon twice a day with water	Fever	1	Antibacterial, antifungal [43]
23	Hippophae salicifolia D.Don; Elaeagnaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4140 Figure 5(e)	Amesh	Tree	Fruits	Juice	5-10 teaspoon in 1 glass water	Coolant	6	Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radio-protective, adaptogenic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-sterility [44]
24	Juglans regia L.; Juglandaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4150	Akhrot	Tree	Fruit peel	Paste	1/2 teaspoon	Skin diseases	56	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties [45–47].
25	Jurinea macrocephala DC.; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4116	Bishkandara	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 teaspoon thrice a day water	Fever	2	Antioxidant and Antibacterial [48]
26	Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.; Fabaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4114	Gahat	Herb	Seeds	Boiled soup	1 bowl thrice a day	Stone	96	Hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, anticalcifying, antidiabetic, antimicrobial [49–53]
27	Megacarpaea polyandra Benth ex Madden; Brassicaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4111; Figure 5(f)	Barmolu	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 -1 teaspoon twice a day with lukewarm water	Gastric	4	Not reported
28	Mentha piperita L.; Lamiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4148	Pudina	Herb	Leaves	Paste	1/2 -1 teaspoon water	Coolant	9	Antimicrobial [54]
29	Mirabilis jalapa L.; Nyctaginaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4117		Herb	Leaves	Paste	-	Cut and wounds	12	Antimicrobial [55]
30	Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC; Caprifoliaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4156	Maasi	Herb	Rhizome	Powder	1/2 teaspoon thrice a day with lukewarm water	Jaundice	1	Tonic, laxative, diuretic, spasmodic; hepatoprotective, cardio protective [56–58]
31	Ocimum tenuiflorum L.; Lamiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4115	Tulsi	Herb	Leaves	Powder or raw	3-5 leaves with water	Fever, cough and cold	75	Antimicrobial, radio-protective, ant diabetic, anti-carcinogenic [59, 60]
32	Oxalis corniculata L.; Oxalidaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4133	Almodu	Herb	Aerial part	Paste	1/2 teaspoon	Boils	26	Anti-inflammatory, refrigerant and antiscorbutic, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antipsychotic, stimulant, chronotropic & inotropic effect [61–63]
33	Paeonia emodi Royle; Paeoniaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4172; Figure 5(g)	Chandra	Herb	Leaves	Juice	1 teaspoon thrice a day with water	Fever	87	Backache, dropsy, epilepsy,tonic, emetic, cathartic, blood purifier and colic, purgative [64]
34	Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.; Plantaginaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4105; Figure 5(h)	Kadwi	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 teaspoon thrice a day with water	Fever	96	Immunomodulatory, cardiotonic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, laxative and anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective, anticholestatic, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-asthmatic and immune-regulatory functions [65, 66]
35	Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All; Asparagaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4127; Figure 5(i)	Mahamaida/Salampanja	Herb	Rhizome	Powder	1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water	Fever	3	Anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antipyretic, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal [67–70]
36	Potentilla lineata Trevir.; Syn. Potentilla fulgens L.; Rosaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4173	Bajrdanti	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 teaspoon	Cleansing teeth	26	Anthelmintic [71]
37	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; Rosaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4177	Aaru	Tree	Seeds pericarp	Paste	1/2 teaspoon	Infection after breakage of hair (Baaltod)	2	Anthelmintic, insecticidal, sedative, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, vermicidal and are used in leucoderma and in piles [72]
38	Punica granatum L.; Lythraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4142	Anar	Tree	Fruits	Raw	1 fruit	Anemia	8	Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti cancer [73, 74]
39	Rheum moorcroftianum Royle; Polygonaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4160; Figure 5(j)	Dolu	Herb	Root	Powder, paste	1/2 teaspoon	Internal injury, cut and wounds	24	Purgative,antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory [14, 75]
40	Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don; Ericaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4178	Syamru	Tree	Leaves	Paste with oil	1/2 -1 teaspoon	Skin disease	6	Analgesic, anti-inflammatory [76]
41	Rumex nepalensis Spreng.; Polygonaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4167	Khuldya	Herb	Root	Powder, paste	1/2 -1 teaspoon thrice a day with lukewarm water	Pneumonia, Cut and wounds	1	Antioxidant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, purgative,[77–79]
42	Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4109	Kuth	Herb	Root and leaves	Paste	-	Cut and wounds	27	Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial [80, 81]
43	Saussurea obvallata (DC) Edgew; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4110; Figure 5(k)	Kaunl	Herb	Aerial part	Raw	-	To keep at home for increasing immunity	29	Antioxidant, antimicrobial [82]
44	Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke; Apiaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4144	Bhutkesh	Herb	Root	Powder	1/2 teaspoon with water	Coolant	2	Antibacterial [83]
45	Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke; Gentianaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4154; Figure 5(l)	Chiraitu	Herb	Whole plant	Powder	1/2-1 teaspoon thrice a day with water	Fever, stomach ache	78	Antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmania, antimalaria, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral [84–88]
46	Swertia ciliata (D.Don ex G.Don) B.L.Burtt; Gentianaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4166	Chirata	Herb	Aerial part	Powder	1/2 teaspoon with water	Fever, stomach ache	12	Antifungal [89]
47	Tagetes erecta L.; Asteraceae; HAPPRC ASR 4147	Gainda	Herb	Leaves	Juice	1-2 drops	Ear ache	1	Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory [90]
48	Taxus wallichiana Zucc.; Taxaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4151	Thuner	Tree	Bark	Tea	1 cup once a day	High blood pressure	25	Immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-convulsance activities, anti-cancer [91, 92]
49	Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.; Syn. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers; Menispermaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4132	Giloe	Climber	Aerial part	Juice	1 teaspoon with water	Fever, Stomach ache	87	Anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-toxicity [93–95]
50	Urtica dioica L.; Urticaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4130	Kandali	Herb	Aerial part	Raw/vegetable	-	Anaemia, remove weakness	81	Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, immunomodulatory [96–101]
51	Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; Rutaceae; HAPPRC ASR 4107	Timru	Shrub	Seeds, Stem or aerial part	Powder	1/2 teaspoon	Cleansing teeth and tooth ache	95	Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal [102–104]

S.N.: serial number, Syn.: synonym, UR: use reports.