Rediscovering Medicinal Amazonian Aromatic Plants: Piper carpunya (Piperaceae) Essential Oil as Paradigmatic Study
Table 4
Ames test performed to check the genotoxic safety (no. of revertants induced) of P. carpunya EO. The results are expressed as average of number of colonies per plate, followed by the standard deviation (sd). t/c means the ratio between the number of colonies of Salmonella strains grown in presence of EO and those of the negative control (DMSO). If t/c ratio is ≥ 2, following a dose-response trend, the extract can be considered as potential mutagen [11].
Dose level (μL/plate)
TA97a
TA98
TA100
TA1535
Average ± s.d.
t/c
Average ± s.d.
t/c
Average ± s.d.
t/c
Average ± s.d.
t/c
-S9
10
149.0 ± 7.6
1.15
24 ± 4.2
0.79
89 ± 9.9
0.81
4.0 ± 2.8
0.57
50
110.5 ± 10.1
0.85
20 ± 5.7
0.66
87 ± 1.4
0.79
10.5 ± 0.7
1.50
100
149.5 ± 8.5
1.15
25 ± 8.4
0.82
77 ± 12.7
0.70
3.0 ± 1.4
0.43
500
65.0 ± 9.7
0.50
29.5 ± 2.1
0.97
46.0 ± 2.8
0.42
36 ± 3.2
5.14
1000
546.0 ± 31.1
4.20
26.0 ± 2.8
0.85
8.5 ± 3.5
0.08
8.0 ± 11.3
1.14
5000
12.5 ± 0.7
0.10
25.5 ± 19.1
0.84
19 ± 24.0
0.17
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
10000
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
10.5 ± 6.4
0.34
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
DMSO (100 L)(
130.0 ± 14.2
1.00
30.5 ± 0.7
1.00
110 ± 7.1
1.00
7.0 ± 2.8
1.00
2-Nitrofluorene (2 L)
1554 ± 113.3
12.00
716 ± 75.0
23.48
47 ± 1.8
6.71
Sodium azide (1 L)
688 ± 72.0
6.25
+S9
10
67.5 ± 8.4
0.39
44 ± 2.8
1..06
106 ± 14.1
1.15
9.5 ± 0.7
1.00
50
112.5 ± 9.7
0.66
34 ± 4.2
0.82
84 ± 5.7
0.91
12 ± 1.4
1.26
100
112.5 ± 8.1
0.66
43 ± 14.1
1.04
87 ± 26.9
0.95
11 ± 4.2
1.16
500
157.5 ± 12.1
0.92
35 ± 0.0
0.84
76.5 ± 9.2
0.83
38.5 ± 6.8
4.05
1000
175.5 ± 10.2
1.03
37.5 ± 6.4
0.90
64.5 ± 9.2
0.70
23.5 ± 33.2
2.47
5000
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
25 ± 7.1
0.60
22.5 ± 12.0
0.24
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
10000
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
14 ± 4.2
0.34
6 ± 5.7
0.07
0.0 ± 0.0
0.00
DMSO, 100 L
171.0 ± 6.8
1.00
41.5 ± 2.1
1.00
92 ± 2.8
1.00
9.5 ± 0.7
1.00
2-Aminoanthracene (2L)
896 ± 10.4
5.24
932 ± 98.0
22.46
912 ± 95.0
9.91
168 ± 18.0
17.68
+S9: experiments performed with metabolic activation (S9 mix). -S9: experiments performed without metabolic activation (S9 mix). DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide, negative control; 2-aminoanthracene: positive control for experiments with S9; 2-nitrofluorene: positive control for TA97a and TA98 strains for experiments without S9; Sodium azide: positive control for TA100 and TA1535 strains for experiments without S9. Values corresponding to mutagen activity.
